Differences in the Subjective Well-Being of Undergraduate Students Based on Birth Order

Subjective well-being is an important thing in one's life. Various ways are done by someone to feel welfare in his life. The position of the child in the order of birth has a fundamental influence on its subsequent development because parents generally have specific attitudes, treatments, and roles for their oldest child, middle child, and youngest child. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the subjective welfare of Universitas Nusa Cendana’s students based on birth order. The sampling technique used the Cochran formula with a standard error of 5%. So that the researchers managed to collect data of 433 students aged 18-24 years and have two or more siblings. The analysis in this study used an ANOVA significance value of 0.048 <0.05 so that H0 was rejected. If H0 is rejected, there is a significant difference in subjective welfare based on the birth order of students at Universitas Nusa Cendana Kupang.


Introduction
Students are teenagers who are studying in college. This student period is a period full of challenges and difficulties, a period that requires adolescents to determine attitudes and choices, a period that requires adaptability (Mira, 2011). Students are included in adolescence but adolescents who enter the late stages and enter early adulthood range between the ages of 18-24 years (Hurlock 1980). Problems related to the learning process include problems with high levels of students taking classes in class. This problem is closely related to the time management students have. In addition, a problem that also arises regarding the learning process is the ability of students to be able to focus on subjects, including the ability of students to do course assignments. Students also face obstacles related to the learning methods given on campus (Prasetiyo & Andriani, 2011). Meanwhile, problems that arise outside the learning process are related to peer relationships, financial arrangements, problems with family (Qonitatin, 2009).
Responsibility demands borne by students can be a pressure that can affect their psychological condition. The problems faced by students can lead to high negative effects, low positive effects, and low life satisfaction. In other words, the problems experienced by students can lead to low subjective welfare (Qonitatin, 2009).
So that students can overcome their problems and can carry out their roles and responsibilities properly, students are expected to have a high level of subjective welfare (Sudjarwadi, 2003). Students with a high level of subjective welfare will perform well in academia. In addition, with a high level of subjective welfare, students are also able to become good leaders in the future.
Subjective well-being is an important thing in a person's life. A person does various ways in order to feel welfare in his life. One of the goals of someone who is excited about life is to be happy. Subjective well-being is a term that is closely related to happiness (happiness). Bukhari and Khanam (2015) state that happiness is a part of subjective well-being, which is a subjective view of the whole life of an individual. Apart from being important to research and study because it describes a person's quality of life, subjective well-being can also have a positive impact on a person's life. There are many benefits that can be obtained if a person has a high level of subjective well-being, including health benefits, one of which is longevity and productivity (Diener & Tay, 2015).
Happy people will tend to be more active in achieving their life goals. This will have an impact on the easier it is for someone to achieve success. According to Diener (2008), a happy person will tend to be more successful than an unhappy person. Happy individuals will have positive self-esteem. He will be able to control the environment, have a sense of optimism, have positive social relationships, and have a clear meaning and purpose in life. In addition, he will have internal conflict resolution (Wirawan, 2010). Happiness also promotes success in work, relationships, and health. This success is part of one's positive influence (Wirawan, 2010).
Several factors that influence a person's subjective well-being include family, personality, life goals, adaptability and coping abilities, health, income, religion, marriage, age, gender differences, work morale, education, and intelligence (Diener, 2008). The factor that the author wants to examine is the birth order factor or the child's position in siblings. The position of the child in the order of birth is a condition that is determined at the time of conception, has a fundamental influence on its subsequent development. This is because parents generally have specific attitudes, treatments, and roles for their only child, the oldest child, middle child, and youngest child.
Attitudes, treatments, and roles given by parents in accordance with the place and order of the child in the family affect the formation of children's personality and attitudes, both towards themselves and others, and are considered as one of the factors that influence the development of certain behaviors. patterns (Hurlock, 2009).
In everyday life, there are many phenomena that say that the firstborn is associated with an adult and authoritative child. Meanwhile, the youngest child is associated with a spoiled, indecisive, and gentle child. Middle children are also associated as spoiled children, tend to be free from their parents' expectations. In this case, it can be seen that every child has different subjective well-being in himself to form what he is like in his environment (Khoirunnisa, 2016).
By knowing the positive effect of subjective welfare on students, of course, it is interesting to further investigate what factors influence the subjective welfare of students. In this study, the factors studied were differences in the subjective welfare of students based on the order of birth of students. Consider the importance of the child's birth order on subjective well-being. The hypothesis in this study is that there are differences in subjective welfare based on birth order in Indiana students in 2020.

Participants
Participants in this study were students at the University of Nusa Cendana Kupang, aged 18-24 years and had two or more siblings. The number of participants participating in the study in one birth order cohort was at least 400 or more. The number of samples was determined using the Cochran formula with the standard error used by the researchers was 5%. So that the researchers managed to collect data as many as 433 students consisting of 144 oldest children, 146 middle children, and 143 youngest children.

Design
This research uses quantitative research. This type of research is a study of the causes of correlation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were differences in the subjective welfare of Undana students based on birth order or not. The birth order variable is the independent variable and the subjective welfare variable is the dependent variable. Both of these variables can be measured using instruments so that the total data can be analyzed using statistical procedures.

Procedure
This study uses a measuring instrument in the form of a scale in data collection. The measuring instrument is designed in the form of an online scale. To capture participants, measuring instruments were shared from social media. At the start of the scale, there is a description of the study and participants' consent to participate. The data that has been collected will then be checked whether it will be processed further.

Measuring tool
The measuring instrument used in this study is the BBC scale compiled by Schwannaeur (2010). The BBC-scale scale consists of 15 statement items which consist of 2 aspects of subjective well-being, namely cognitive aspects and affective aspects.
The scale uses the Likert scale guideline with five answer choices strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree. Before being distributed to students, the scale has passed the validity test, so the BBC-scale consists of 15 statement items.
After going through the reliability test by the author, the Cronbach's Alpha value on the BBC-scale is 0.748 so that the scale has good reliability.

Data Analysis Techniques
The mechanical analysis used in this study used the one-way post hoc ANOVA test as a different test. This analysis was conducted to prove the hypothesis, whether there were differences in subjective welfare based on birth order among students.

Level's of Homogeneity Test
The results of the level of homogeneity obtained a significant value of 0.23> 0.05.
The results of the level of homogeneity show that it has the same variance.

Hypothesis testing
Based on the results of the ANOVA test, it is known that a significant value <0.05, which means that there is a significant difference in subjective welfare based on birth order, namely the firstborn, middle, and youngest children because the significant value is 0.048 <0.05, so H0 is rejected. If H0 is rejected, there is a significant difference in subjective welfare based on birth order for students at the University of Nusa Cendana Kupang.

Discussion
Veenhouven (Diener, 2009) explains that well-being is a level that assesses someone's quality of life as something that is expected and felt by pleasant emotions. According to Campbell (Diener, 2009)  affection, and happiness that are higher than negative effects such as anxiety, anger, depression, and jealousy. . heart (Diener, 1984). Meanwhile, students who have low subjective welfare are individuals who do not have good social relations with family, friends, and in terms of the number of friends they have, meeting frequency, and being part of a group (Diener & Gohm, 2000). Well-being is a positive measurement and assessment of all aspects of a person's life (Diener, 2009).
Based on the results of a research according to gender, it was found that men had a very high category level. Meanwhile, women have a high category level.
According to Diener (2010), gender is also a factor that affects subjective well-being, women express more negative effects and depression than men, and they seek more therapeutic help to reveal the level of negative effects and depression they feel.
Based on the results of a research according to age, it was found that students aged free to express his unique personality. Meanwhile, the youngest child often feels inferior (inferior), not as great as his brother. In parenting a child, he is often assisted by the people around him, so that he is not too aware of his potential, is considered a "child" continuously, and tends to be immature and less responsible.
Differences in the subjective welfare of the eldest, middle, and youngest children can be explained through the theory put forward by Diener, Suh, and Oishi (IdulFitri& Larsen, 2008), namely individuals who are said to have high subjective welfare, namely individuals who experience good and positive things in his life and vice versa, the individual is said to have low subjective well-being if he rarely gets positive or good things in his life and often feels depressed. Differences in the level of a person's subjective welfare can also be influenced by conflict resolution factors.
A person who has high subjective well-being tends to have fewer psychological conflicts in his life. Conversely, someone who has low subjective well-being tends to experience more psychological conflicts (Eid & Larsen, 2008).
The subjective welfare approach theory, namely bottom-up, tries to identify the factors that influence subjective well-being, especially situational factors, external events, health learning achievement, and social support (family and environment), and the top-down theory looks at the subjective well-being experienced. individuals depend on how individuals evaluate and interpret an event in a positive way.