The Level of Sexual Bullying Behavior Among Early Adult in Kupang City

Adults can do sexual bullying that leads to aspects of sexuality physically or non-physically and occurs repeatedly. This study aims to determine the level of sexual bullying behavior in early adulthood in Kupang. Participants totaled 373 samples aged 18-25 years following the adult's criteria, according to Santrock (2012). The hypothesis is that early adult individuals tend to have high sexual bullying behavior and dimensions of sexual bullying. Collecting data using the Likert scale Sexual Bullying ASBAE and distributed online, analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and crossed with gender demographic data. The results showed the acquisition of the empirical mean of sexual bullying and sexual bullying dimensions smaller than theoretical means, where sexual bullying (57.4 <75), the dimensions of sexual bullying (verbal = 5.25 <6; physical = 9.61 <15; social = 26.97 <33; Cyber = 15.62 <21), and finally, gender influences the level of sexual bullying behavior and sexual bullying dimensions namely P <0.05.


Introduction
Early adulthood is exploratory and experimental, where some individuals still have to explore what path or lifestyle they want to choose. Some individuals in early adulthood tend to have difficulty understanding new developmental task conditions to the point of feeling hopeless, experiencing mental fatigue, sadness, and even depression (Santrock, 2010).
Many things affect a person's maturity, from their condition to different demographic phenomena in each early adulthood. Not all early adult individuals have difficulty undergoing new developmental tasks, where some individuals can become emotionally stable, more able to control themselves, be responsible, and be more careful (Arnett, 2011). The more mature, the sexual maturity also increases. In this case, early adult individuals have a higher sexual orientation, which tends to engage in more intense sexual behavior than before, which is often carried out using power (Santrock, 2011).
Often early adults can also be involved in behavioral deviations such as drinking, violence, drug abuse, and even bullying (Jatmika, 2010in Putro, 2017). An action is included in bullying behavior if it occurs continuously, with malicious intentions to hurt or make someone feel uncomfortable (Olweus, 1997). Refers to abuse or acts of physical or psychological aggression from time to time or sustained against a victim who cannot easily defend himself (Dupper, 2013).
Bullying can also be done by adults, whether in the school environment, work environment, politics, sports, social media, even at home. Early adult individuals feel strong and in control of things and even tend to get satisfaction from inflicting injury or suffering on victims who are unlikely to fight or seek help from others (Dupper, 2013). Bullying can also attack sexual aspects such as appearance, body parts, sexual orientation, or sexual activity of someone (Edinburgh Rape Crisis Center, 2020). This type of bullying is called sexual bullying and on the first time introduced by Duncan in 1999 (Duncan, 2001).
Sexual bullying is considered a relatively new concept that bridges the gap between bullying and dating deviant acts that usually occur in adolescence, young adulthood (Fredland, N.M, 2008). Rigby (2003) sexual bullying is rarely known among the public, even though sexual bullying is an act of aggression equal to sexual harassment. Kemenpppa (2016), with the title of the article "JANUARY -THE BULLYING RATAS KPP-PA" categorizes sexual harassment as one of the categories of bullying because sexual harassment is the behavior of physical or verbal aggression. Rigby (2003) sexual oppression and sexual harassment are all forms of physical or nonphysical intimidation that occur from time to time by attacking aspects of a person's sexuality or gender. Abusers are like bullies who abuse their power.
Sexual bullying can happen to men or women in different or same age groups.
Besides, the LGBT community (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) also experience bullying such as negative attitudes or verbal, physical, and elements of homophobia or transphobia. The Indonesian National LGBT Report (2013) wrote of one case of bullying against LGBT youth, often through social media. (ACT, 2015, dalam Addressing Sexual Bullying Across Europe, 2015 Even though the term sexual bullying has not familiar in the community, this phenomenon is increasingly happening due to the development of smartphones and social media. The impact can be in the form of anxiety, humiliation, depression, illness, difficulty sleeping, causing an increased use of alcohol, cigarettes, and illegal drugs, as well as self-injury and suicide.

Awareness Cooperation Tackling
Tempo (2020), which has the title "Harassment must be handled openly", stated that one of the cases of sexual bullying that was uncovered last June in his diocese was an altar boy at the Church of Santo Herculanus, Depok.
FaseBerita.ID (2021), with the title "Involved in Sexual Bullying Cases, Fugitive Girls Arrested at Midnight Hotel reported that the Padangsidimpuan City Police Criminal Investigation Unit had secured the perpetrators who have been fugitives in the last few months. The suspect and his friends committed sexual bullying in a hotel room on August 3, 2020. A victim is a man with special needs. The suspects carried out the beatings, kicked the victim's buttocks while asking the victim to make facial expressions that were arousing, and even immersed the victim in a hotel bathroom while being recorded by the suspect with the initials H, a transgender woman.
The indication of sexual bullying is increasing from year to year is in line with the article Sulaksono (2017) entitled "Do not be afraid to report cases of sexual bullying.
Deputy Chairperson of Commission VIII DPR RI, Dading Ishak stated that sexual bullying is increasingly occurring due to the iceberg phenomenon. However, the victims did not dare to reveal their bad experiences because society gave them a bad stigma. Moreover, it is not uncommon for cases of sexual bullying that victims receive comes from their family or immediate environment, so that victims are increasingly depressed and confused in taking their stand. Moreover, it is not uncommon for cases of sexual bullying that victims receive comes from their family or immediate environment, so that victims are increasingly depressed and confused in taking their stand.
Departing from the explanation that has been explained, the author wants to describe quantitatively the extent to which the tendency of sexual bullying occurs in the community of Kupang City, especially in early adult individuals who are considered to have maturity in emotions, behavior, and sexuality.

Method
The approach used in this research is the quantitative descriptive method. The

Result
Participants in this study were early adult individuals aged 18-25 years, male and female, and totaled 373 people as follows: Sexual bullying was more dominated by a male were 208 participants, very high as many as 9 (4.3%), the high as many as 61 participants (29.3%), moderate as many as 81 participants (38.9%), low as many as 57 participants (27.4%) and none participants were very low (0%). Meanwhile, for women were 165 participants, very high as many as 6 (3.6%), the high as many as 40 participants (24.2%), moderate as many as 60 participants (36.4%), low as many as 59 participants (35.8%), and none participants were very low of sexual bullying (0%).  This finding is different from the results of a study conducted by ASBAE (2015), which showed that nearly three-quarters (73%) of young people reported experiencing one or more sexual bullying behaviors in more than one incident. Verbal acts include nicknames, sexual jokes, gossip about their bodies, and the way they dress. Physical actions such as holding vital organs to unwanted sexual and physical acts. Social acts include actively accepted pressure, such as the view that one is gay, lesbian, bisexual, and even cyber acts of sharing sexual photos or videos without permission. Mediaindonesia.com (2020) Life guidelines that concern Kupang as a city of love also in-questioned things to generation each generation through parenting. Line with Surbakti ( et al (2006et al ( , in Farrell, et al., 2014 added that the more mature physically and mentally age to sexuality was more involved in sexual bullying. Pepler, et al (2006, in Farrell, et al, 2014 also confirmed that late adolescence towards early adulthood is much more skilled and understands sex better, making it more likely to engage in sexual bullying.

Discussion
The results showed that sexual bullying behavior between men and women had a significant difference. This finding is supporting by Cunningham's (2010) research on sexual bullying shows that there are significant differences between men  Scheithauer, et al., (2006) added that men get the potential to engage in bullying behavior that is greater than that of women. This finding is in line with the sexual bullying factor described by ASBAE (2015) that young people act according to patriarchal cultural values and ignore gender equality, it is even natural for men to commit acts of sexism, including sexual bullying.
The results showed that dimensions of sexual bullying behavior, namely verbal, physical, social, and cyber between men, and women, had a significant difference.
Male early adult individuals in Kupang city did have a higher level of sexual bullying dimensions than female early adult individuals, where men tended to be higher in verbal, physical, and social dimensions than women. Meanwhile, in cyber, men and women have a presentation that is not much different. In line with Rachmawati and Magfirah's (2013) research, male tend to engage in verbal and physical bullying behavior compared to female. The findings concerning the social dimension are supporting by Fredland (2008) that women as perpetrators of sexual bullying tend to engage in social sexual bullying (27%). On the verbal dimension supported by the results of research by Marcum, et al., (2012, in Fatmawati, 2016 Proves that men and women both engage in cyberbullying behavior so that there is no difference in bullying behavior on social media (cyberbullying) between men and women.
This research is not free from weaknesses. First, research during the COVID-19 pandemic is limited by health protocols so that researchers could not interact directly with respondents. This research is not free from weaknesses. Second, online research using Google Form software is beneficial because it cut costs, but causes researchers to have difficulty controlling the length of time for data collection.

Conclusion
This research concludes that early adult individuals from the age of 18 to 25 years in Kupang city have a low level of sexual bullying behavior and the level of dimensions of sexual bullying behavior, namely verbal, physical, social, and cyber, which tend to below. Next, sexual bullying behavior based on gender has a significant difference with the level of sexual bullying behavior in male early adult individuals, which tends to be higher than female early adult individuals. In the dimensions of sexual bullying behavior based on gender, there are significant differences with the level of the verbal, physical, and social dimensions, which tend to be higher by men. Meanwhile, in cyber, the two sexes tend not to differ much.

Suggestion
For early adult individuals in Kupang City, they can maintain positive values in themselves. Be an example for other young adult individuals, such as carrying out activities to develop creativity and self-potential. So they can live life with full responsibility for the developmental tasks of this period.
For further researchers, to deepen the study of sexual bullying or are interested in conducting further research from this research. The discussion can be extended to other variables such as education, work, or other aspects of life.