Cendana Medical Journal

The Relationship Between Primary Dysmenorrhea And Sleep Quality In Students Of The Faculty Of Medicine, University Of Nusa Cendana

2026-01-16T07:35:04+00:00

When experiencing menstruation, it is often accompanied by pain which is commonly
called dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea experienced can cause discomfort both during
activities and at rest so that it can affect sleep quality. The sleep quality of medical students is
bad, apart from the lecture burden, it is suspected that it can also be influenced by the intensity
of pain, such as when experiencing primary dysmenorrhea. To determine the relationship
between primary dysmenorrhea and sleep quality in students of the Faculty of Medicine,
University of Nusa Cendana. This research is an observational analytic study with a cross
sectional design in students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Nusa Cendana. Data was
conducted by filling out the primary dysmenorrhea questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality
Index (PSQI) questionnaire by 106 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. Sampling was
done by using stratified random sampling technique. The result was analyzed univariate and
bivariate using Phi Correlation test. Data from 106 respondents showed that 63.2% of
respondents experienced primary dysmenorrhea and as many as 36.8 respondents did not
experience primary dysmenorrhea. For sleep quality, 80.2% of respondents had poor sleep
quality and 19.8% of respondents had good sleep quality. In this study, it was found that more
respondents had primary dysmenorrhea with poor sleep quality than good sleep quality. The
results of the bivariate analysis with the Phi Correlation test showed the results of p
value=0.520 (p> 0.05). There is no significant relationship between primary dysmenorrhea and
sleep quality in students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Nusa Cendana.

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy For Staghorn Stones: A Minimally Invasive Approach In A Region With Elevated Kidney Stone Risk

2026-01-16T07:42:50+00:00

A 41-year-old male with a 2-month history of left-sided abdominal pain and renal stones was treated at Prof. W. Z. Johannes Hospital, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The patients’ primary drinking water sources were rivers and refillable bottles, which elevated the risk of kidney stones. Plain radiography and MSCT imaging revealed a 5 cm x 3.5 cm staghorn stone in the left kidney. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) was performed in the supine position using the C-arm. A nephroscope was inserted through a small incision to visualize and extract the stone. Post-extraction, C-arm imaging assessed the kidney, and a nephrostomy tube was placed for drainage. Staghorn stones are large, branched stones that occupy much of the renal pelvis or calyces. The European Association of Urology (EAU) recommends PCNL as the first-line treatment for staghorn stones due to its high efficacy and low morbidity. PCNL, a minimally invasive approach, offers high stone-free rates, up to 95%, making it effective for stones over 20 mm. The patient's successful outcome highlights the efficacy of PCNL in managing staghorn stones, especially in areas with a high risk of kidney stones due to poor water quality. Early diagnosis and treatment avert severe complications such as recurrent infections and urosepsis.

Utilization of Kersen Leaf Extract (Muntingia calabura L.) in Non Aerosol Foot Spray Preparation as Antibacterial Against Staphylococcus epidermidis

2026-01-28T06:03:35+00:00

Introduction: The condition of the feet that are often covered by socks and shoes causes the feet to become sweaty and moist. If the sweat is mixed with the bacteria that are involved in the degradation process, it will cause an odor. Preventing foot odor requires a convenient antibacterial product such as foot spray. However, many foot spray products contain high levels of alcohol, which can cause skin irritation. Therefore, the implementation of natural antibacterial ingredients needs to be incorporated to reduce its use, such as kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.).

Objectives: Knowing and analyzing foot spray preparations and their benefits as antibacterial against Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Method: This research is a true experimental design with a post-test only control group. The study involved five treatment groups: kersen leaf extract foot spray at concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10%; a positive control group consisting of commercial foot spray (Guardian); and a negative control group which utilized foot spray base with S. epidermidis as the test bacteria. The method of antibacterial testing uses the disc diffusion method. The results were analyzed using the One-Way Anova statistical test.

Result: The kersen leaf extract foot spray preparation was tested for its ability to inhibit the growth of S. epidermidis. Results showed that the inhibition zone diameter at 1% concentration was moderate (7.82 mm), while at 5% concentration it remained moderate (8.62 mm), and at 10% concentration it classified as strong (10.28 mm). The analysis results found significant differences between treatment groups with a significance value of p < 0.05.

Conclusion: Kersen leaf extract (Muntingia calabura L.) foot spray preparation has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and all formulations have optimal physical characteristics.

Keywords: Kersen Leaf Extract; Muntingia calabura L.; Foot Spray; Antibacterial; Staphylococcus epidermidis

The Relationship Between Duration of Playing Online Games With Tear Film Stability on Student of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Nusa Cendana

2026-01-28T07:01:11+00:00

Background : Dry eye which is affected by the duration of staring at screens such as playing online games.

Purpose : To determine the relationship between the duration of playing online games with tear film stability in medical students.

Methods :an observational analytic study with a cross sectional. The data was obtained by conducting a TBUT (Tear Break Up Time Test) examination by an ophthalmologist.

Results : Sample playing online games for < 2 hours a day , samples with marginal evaporated dry eye and 10 (20%) samples with normal tear film stability. A total of 24 samples who played online games with a duration of 2-5 hours a day were 12 (24%) samples with marginal evaporated dry eye and 12 (24%) samples with normal tear film stability. A total of 8 (16%) samples who played online games with a duration of > 5 hours, there were 5 (10%) samples with marginal evaporated dry eye and 3 (6%) with normal tear film stability. The results of the somers'd correlation analysis test showed a significance level of p = 0.424 (p> 0.05).

Conclusion : There is no significant relationship between the duration of playing online games with tear film stability.

THE CORRELATION OF ANXIETY LEVEL WITH QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE ELDERLY AT THE BUDI AGUNG SOCIAL HOME IN KUPANG CITY

2026-01-28T07:30:11+00:00

Background: The world's population is aging population, therefore, the demographic changes that create new challenges to be able to maintain and improve the quality of life of the elderly. One of the things that affect the quality of life of elderly was anxiety.

Objective: To determine the relationship between the level of anxiety and the quality of life for the elderly at the Budi Agung Social Home in Kupang City.

Methods: This research is an observational analytical study with a cross sectional design conducted on the elderly at the Budi Agung Social Home in Kupang City using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire and the Geriatric Anxiety Scale questionnaire. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling with 37 respondents. The study was analyzed univariately and bivariately using a contingency coefficient statistical test.

Results: From 37 respondents, it was found that 86.5% had mild anxiety, 10.8% had moderate anxiety, and 2.7% had severe anxiety. The results also showed that most of the respondents had poor quality of life in the domain of physical health (64.9%), good quality of life in the psychological domain (51.4%), good quality of life in the domain of social relations (78.4%) and quality of life in the domain of social relations. live well in the environmental domain (70.3%). The results of the bivariate analysis test showed that there was no relationship between anxiety levels and quality of life in the elderly, both in the physical health domain (p=0.626), psychological domain (p=0,350), social relations domain (p=0,149) and environmental domain (p=0,294).

Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between Anxiety Levels and Quality of Life in the Elderly at Budi Agung Social Home, Kupang City.

Keywords: elderly, quality of life, anxiety

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF ETHANOL EXTRACT 70% OF FALOAK BARK (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) ON Klebsiella Pneumoniae BACTERIA

2026-01-28T07:37:14+00:00

Introduction: Pneumonia is a common lower respiratory infection affecting all ages, caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacterial cause showing high antibiotic resistance, complicating treatment. As a result, alternative treatments using medicinal plants with antibacterial properties are needed. One promising plant is faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br), traditionally used in herbal medicine and believed to have potential antibacterial effects worth further investigation.

Methods: This study employed a true experimental method with a post-test only control group design. The treatment groups were given 70% ethanol extract of faloak bark at various concentrations (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.12%). There were also a positive control group (meropenem antibiotic) and a negative control group (sterile distilled water). Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test.

Results: The 70% ethanol extract of faloak bark showed antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, with a significance value of p = 0.002 (< 0.05), indicating a significant difference in the inhibition zone diameters.

Discussion: The extract demonstrated antibacterial properties and the ability to inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Conclusion: The 70% ethanol extract of faloak bark (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) exhibits antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Effect of Resistance Training with the Push, Pull, and Leg Method on Increasing the Volume Oxygen Maximal Uptake (VO2 Max)

2026-01-28T07:38:26+00:00

Over the past three decades there have been many studies that have shown that low levels

of cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and all-cause

mortality. One way to improve cardiorespiratory fitness is to increase exercise, where resistance

training is one of the exercises that can be done. The best way to measure cardiorespiratory

fitness is by measuring the value of (VO2 max). To determine the effect of resistance training on

increasing VO2 max. The type of research conducted was quasi experimental with a pretest and

posttest non equivalent design approach. The research was conducted on students of the Seminar

Biara Hati Kudus with 40 respondents, who were divided into two groups, namely the treatment

and control groups. There was a significant increase in VO2 max value with p=0.000 in the

treatment group. However, there was no significant increase with a value of p=0.249 in the

control group. There were also significant results when comparing posttest values between the

treatment and control groups with a value of p = 0.036. Resistance training with the push, pull,

and leg method three times a week for three weeks can affect the increase in VO2 max.

PENGARUH EKSTRAK DAUN SIRIH MERAH (Piper crocatum) TERHADAP GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI HEPAR TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus) YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN

2026-01-28T07:44:08+00:00

Abstract

Introduction:Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, which results from decreased insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. This condition can lead to the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS. Red betel leaf contains saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, which act as antioxidants.

Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental research using a true experimental design with a posttest-only control group approach. The samples were divided into five groups: negative control, positive control, treatment 1 (150 mg/kgBW), treatment 2 (250 mg/kgBW), and treatment 3 (350 mg/kgBW). Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Post Hoc Tukey HSD test.

Results: The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference in the liver histopathology of white rats induced with alloxan after administration of red betel leaf extract, with a p-value of 0.002 (p < 0.05).

Discussion: The administration of red betel leaf extract proved to have positive effect on improving liver histopathology in alloxan-induced rats, with the most effective result observed at a dose of 350 mg/kgBW, showing nearly normal liver cell structures.

Conclusion: Red betel leaf extract has significant effect on the liver histopathology of alloxan-induced white rats (Rattus norvegicus), with the most effective dose being 350 mg/kgBW.

Correlation Between The Level Of Knowledge Of The Family Heads Regarding Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Risks With 3m Plus Prevention Efforts In The Working Area Of Oesapa Public Health Center

2026-01-28T07:52:06+00:00

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a tropical infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito and often leads to outbreaks. One of the key efforts to prevent DHF is through the implementation of the 3M Plus strategy. A critical factor influencing the effectiveness of 3M Plus prevention efforts is the level of public knowledge regarding the dangers of DHF. Knowledge serves as a foundation for community-based prevention, starting from the most basic social unit—the family. As the primary decision-maker, the head of the family is considered important in possessing adequate knowledge about DHF prevention to protect their family members from infection. This study aims to examine the relationship between the knowledge level of family heads regarding the dangers of DHF and the implementation of the 3M Plus prevention strategy in the working area of the Oesapa Community Health Center. This research used an analytical survey method with a cross-sectional design. The study population included all family heads in the Oesapa Health Center's working area. Samples were selected using systematic random sampling, resulting in a total of 100 respondents. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test via SPSS software. The results showed that most family heads had good knowledge about the dangers of DHF, and there was a significant relationship between their knowledge level and the implementation of the 3M Plus prevention strategy in the Oesapa Health Center working area (p ≤ 0.05).

The Effect Of Red Betel Leaf Ethanol Extract (Piper Crocatum) To Histopathological Image Of Rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Pancreas Induced By Alloxan

2026-01-28T08:03:14+00:00

Introduction: Red betel leaf has secondary metabolite compounds, namely flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and tannins. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to decreased insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both which produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Red betel leaf extract is expected to reduce damage to the pancreas by inhibiting the formation of ROS by the antioxidants contained therein.

Method: This research is a laboratory experimental study with a true experimental design posttest only with a control group approach. The sample was divided into 5 groups, where each group consisted of 6 rats. Necrosis and degeneration were assessed in pancreas preparations. The data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test and followed by the Post Hoc LSD test.

Results: The Kruskall-Wallis test found a significant difference between administration of red betel leaf extract and histopathological features of the pancreas of necrosis rats with p = 0.000 and degeneration with p = 0.001 (p<0.05).

Discussion: The administration of red betel leaf extract proved to have positive effect on improving pancreas histopathology in alloxan-induced rats.

Conclusion: There was a significant difference between the histopathological features of rat pancreas (Rattus norvegicus) after being given red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum).

Differences Of Asthenopia Incidence Between Administrative And Non Administrative Employee At Faculty Of Medicine And Veterinary Medicine Universitas Nusa Cendana

2026-01-28T08:08:44+00:00

Administrative employees have a high risk of experiencing asthenopia due to long-term use of computers, but non-administrative employees with less duration of computer use can also experience asthenopia. incidence of asthenopia.Various symptoms of asthenopia were noted more frequently in workers using VDT (Visual Display Terminal) i.e. administrative employees than in workers who did little or no work using VDT, i.e. non-administrative employees. Knowing the difference in the incidence of asthenopia between administrative and non-administrative employees of the Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Nusa Cendana. This is a quantitative study with a case control design on employees of the University of Nusa Cendana. total sampling technique is used in this research. The sample was divided into administrative and non-administrative employees. Astenopia data were collected using a Computer Vision Syndrome questionnaire. Bivariate test using chi square showed a significant difference between administrative and non-administrative employees (p=0.000). Administrative employees have an average CVS score of 10.1 while non-administrative employees have 3.45. There is a significant difference in the incidence of asthenopia between administrative and non-administrative employees.

Relationship Of Stress Level And Motivation Of Making Final Task In Student At Faculty Of Medicine And Veterinary Medicine Universitas Nusa Cendana

2026-01-29T01:24:29+00:00

Background : Stress is a common thing that found in students. Compared to the general population, medical students have higher stress levels. Especially when students are working on a thesis or final task. One instrument to measure stress levels is the DASS (Depression, Axiety, Stress Scale). High stress levels might be makes negative impact on individuals. One of the effects of stress is the level of motivation, in this case, the motivation of students in preparing their thesis. The instrument used to measure the level of motivation is the MSLQ (Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire).

Aim : Knowing the relationship between stress levels and the motivation to write a thesis for Medical Students, Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Nusa Cendana.

Method : Observational analytic research with cross-sectional method. Determining the number of samples using the Lemeshow formula obtained 53 respondents using a purposive sampling technique from a total population of 60 respondents for the 2019 class. The analysis test for the two variables used the somers'd which is non-parametric test.

Result : The results of the somers'd test analysis showed p value = 0.023 and r value = -0.332 The p value indicated that there was a significant relationship between stress levels and motivation. The r value indicates that the relationship between the two is negative at a moderate level.

Conclusion : There is a significant relationship between the level of stress and the level of motivation of Medical students Nusa Cendana University.

Keywords: Stress level; motivation level; thesis.

The “The Effect of Turmeric Extract Administration on the Histopathological Features of the Liver in DMBA-Induced White Rats.”

2026-01-29T01:58:38+00:00

ABSTRACT

Background: Environmental contaminants and hazardous substances are the initiators that cause damage to human organs. DMBA found in motor vehicle pollutants, cigarettes, burning factory fumes can cause liver damage. The liver that is constantly exposed to toxic substances can be damaged. Turmeric with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory can prevent further damage.

Objective: To determine the effect of giving turmeric extract (Curcuma longa) on the liver histopathological picture of male Sprague Dawley rats induced 7,12 Dimethylbenzene α anthracene (DMBA).

Methods: This study used an experimental method with a post only control group design approach. The sample in this study consisted of 30 rats which were divided into 6 groups each consisting of 5 rats. The research data were tested with the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and continued with the non-parametric Kruskall Wallis test.

Results: The kruskall wallis test obtained p value = 0.011 (p> 0.05) indicating a significant difference between the test groups, followed by the Mann Whitney test which showed insignificant differences for the DMBA and turmeric extract groups on the histopathological picture of the liver. However, there was a decrease in the rate of liver damage after giving turmeric

Conclusion: There is a decrease in the average degree of liver damage induced by DMBA after giving turmeric extract but there is no significant difference.

Keywords: DMBA, Turmeric Extract, Liver Histopathology.

Efectivity of Peer Teaching Method in Psychological First Aid Training Towards Prosocial Behavior Intention Improvement of Universitas Nusa Cendana Students

2026-01-29T02:16:31+00:00

Abstract

Prosocial behavior, such as helping others, plays a crucial role in supporting mental health, especially among college students who often face psychological challenges and require social support. Psychological First Aid (PFA) is one form of psychosocial support that peers can provide, and peer teaching—where students teach fellow students—is considered an effective method to foster prosocial behavior intentions while enhancing mutual support. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the peer teaching method in PFA training to increase prosocial behavior intention among students at Nusa Cendana University. A quasi-experimental design with a pre-test–post-test control group was used, involving 88 students grouped through cluster sampling into experimental group I (n=3), experimental group II (n=22), and a control group (n=63). Data were collected online using the Prosocial Tendencies Measure questionnaire and analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA. The results showed no significant differences in pre- and post-test scores across the groups (p-value within subjects = 0.360; between subjects = 0.632). These findings indicate that PFA training using the peer teaching method did not significantly improve prosocial behavior intention. It is recommended that future training incorporate practical field experiences with organizations such as hospitals or disaster response agencies to improve real-world impact.

CORRELATION BETWEEN CONFIDENCE AND SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER IN MEDICAL STUDENT OF UNIVERSITAS NUSA CENDANA

2026-01-29T04:53:56+00:00

Background : Nowadays, a medical student is demanded to have an effective communication skill, in such a manner that a medical student is expected to be confident and be able to communicate well and effectively. Anxiety in medical student can come from the medical curriculum itself, way too many subjects for such limited time to study over. The high anxiety level in medical student may affect their academic result not representing their actual academic skill. Low confidence can lead to social anxiety that may cause negative effect to their lives. Aim : To discover the relation between confidence and social anxiety disorder in medical students of medical school of Nusa Cendana University.

Method : The research method being used is observational analytic with case control progam which is conducted to the medical students of Nusa Cendana University by filling out Lauster Self Confidence questionnaire and Social Anxiety questionnaire by Dr. Cahyaning Suryaningrum. Using probability sampling and stratified random sampling technique with the total of 150 students who fit the criteria of inclusion. The bivariate analysis will be conducted using Somer's D correlation test.

Result : From the total of 150 respondent, 75 students (50.0%) have high level of social anxiety and the other 75 students (50.0%) have low level of social anxiety. Moreover, 20 respondents (13.3%) are found to have very high level of confidence, 72 respondents (48.0%) have high level of confidence, 54 respondents (36.0%) have medium level of confidence, and 4 respondents (2.7%) have low level of confidence. Given he bivariate statistic test result is p = 0.00 which shows the significant relation between confidence and social anxiety disorder.

Conclusion : Correlation is found between confidence level and social anxiety disorder in medical students of medical school, Nusa Cendana University.

Keywords : Confidence Level, Social Anxiety Disorder, Medical Students in Kupang

THE EFFECT OF RED BETEL LEAF ETHANOL EXTRACT (Piper crocatum)TO HISTOPATHOLOGICAL IMAGE OF RAT (Rattus norvegicus) CARDIAC MUSCLE INDUCED BY ALLOXAN

2026-01-29T05:07:39+00:00

Introduction: Red betel leaves (Piper crocatum) contain flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins, which have antidiabetic properties. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion or action, leading to increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The antioxidants in red betel leaf extract are expected to reduce ROS formation and protect cardiac muscle from DM-induced damage..

Methods: This laboratory experimental study used a true experimental post-test only control group design. Thirty rats were divided into five groups: positive control (KK+), negative control (KK−), and treatment groups (KP1, KP2, KP3), each consisting of six rats. Histopathological features of cardiac muscle, including interstitial fibrosis, ventricular myocyte hypertrophy, and intramyocyte lipid deposits, were assessed. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Post Hoc LSD.

Results: There was a significant difference in ventricular myocyte hypertrophy between groups (p = 0.009), but no significant differences were observed in interstitial fibrosis (p = 1.000) and intramyocyte lipid deposits (p = 0.866).

Discussion: Red betel leaf extract at 150 mg/kg body weight effectively reduced ventricular myocyte hypertrophy in diabetic rats

Conclusion: Red betel leaf extract significantly reduced ventricular myocyte hypertrophy but had no effect on fibrosis or intramyocyte lipid deposits.

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanolic Extract of Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) Leaves Against the Growth of Escherichia coli

2026-01-29T05:17:22+00:00

Background: Diarrhea is a global health problem that causes millions of deaths every year. Treating diarrhea often involves the use of antibiotics, but antibiotic resistance is a serious problem. Cherry plants (Muntingia calabura L.) has been used traditionally to treatt infections . This research can provide new insights regarding the potential of using cherry plants as an alternative for treating bacterial infections without relying only on antibiotics.

Objective: To determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts from the cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) against the Escherichia coli growth.

Methods: This research is using a true experimental method with a post-test only control group design. The bacteria used is Escherichia coli with 8 treatment groups, the positive control group using ciprofloxacin, the negative control group using sterile aquadest, and six concentrations of cherry leaf extract treatment groups. The data was analyse with One Way Anova test.

Results and Discussion: Inhibition zones produced at the concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125% measuring 15.39 mm ; 14.02 mm; 11.82 mm; 10.82 mm; 9.64 mm; 8.32 mm , indicating strong to moderate antibacterial effects.

Conclusion: Ethanol extracts of cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) exhibit antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli in vitro.

Keywords: Ethanol Extracts from Cherry Leaves, Antibacterial Activity, Escherichia coli, in vitro.