Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

MARKETING STRATEGY FOR PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM INDEPENDENCE BUILDING THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA AND E-COMMERCE AT THE MALANG CLASS I CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Abyan Lazuardi Al Faruq — 2026-05-01

This study aims to analyze the marketing strategy for products made by inmates through social media and e-commerce at Malang Class I Correctional Institution. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that the correctional institution has implemented the marketing mix concept (product, price, place, and promotion) in its digital marketing strategy. Products produced by inmates demonstrate good market potential; however, several challenges remain, including limited stock management, insufficient digital promotion, and distribution systems that have not yet operated optimally. Although social media and e-commerce platforms such as Instagram and Shopee have been utilized, their use has not been fully optimized due to limitations in human resources and digital infrastructure. Despite these challenges, the marketing strategy has contributed positively to inmate empowerment and improved the public image of the institution. Therefore, improvements in digital content management, employee training in digital marketing skills, and strengthening of the distribution system are necessary to achieve more effective and sustainable marketing outcomes.

Keywords: Digital Marketing; Independence Training; Correctional Institutions; Social Media; E-Commerce; Prisoners

THE INFLUENCE OF ROLE STRESS ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT IN CLASS IIA CURUP CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Ahmad Muchlis Surya Darmawan — 2026-05-01

This study aims to analyze the effect of role stress on organizational commitment among employees at Class IIA Correctional Institution Curup. Role stress in this study is viewed through three main dimensions: role ambiguity, role conflict, and role overload, while organizational commitment is reflected through affective, continuance, and normative commitment. The research is motivated by several workplace conditions such as high workloads, uneven employee distribution, overcrowded inmate populations, and unclear role definitions, which can potentially increase role stress and reduce employee loyalty to the organization. This research uses a quantitative approach through a survey method, where data were collected from employees using questionnaires and analyzed using simple linear regression. The results show that role stress has a negative influence on organizational commitment. This means that higher levels of role stress tend to reduce employees’ commitment to the organization. These findings emphasize the importance of managing workplace stress through clearer role definitions, fair workload distribution, and stronger organizational support in order to maintain employee loyalty and productivity.

Keywords: Role Stress; Organizational Commitment; Role Ambiguity; Role Conflict; Workload; Correctional Institution

MARKETING STRATEGY FOR THE RESULTS OF BATIK JERUJI INDEPENDENCE DEVELOPMENT IN CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION BANYUWANGI

Lucky Hari Yulinarto — 2026-05-01

Batik Jeruji is a product created by inmates through self-reliance development activities at Class IIA Banyuwangi Correctional Institution. Despite having unique motifs and good product quality, the marketing of Batik Jeruji still faces several challenges. The product is not widely known by the public, and its marketing mainly relies on the prison gallery and word-of-mouth promotion. Efforts to expand marketing through digital platforms such as Shopee have not produced optimal results due to limited promotion and a lack of human resources with digital marketing skills. The marketing strategy in this study is analyzed using the 7P marketing mix approach, which includes product, price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence. The results indicate that strengthening strategies across these aspects is necessary, including improving product quality, adjusting pricing strategies, optimizing the use of social media for promotion, and providing marketing skill training for both inmates and officers. With more effective marketing strategies, Batik Jeruji has the potential to become more widely recognized by the community and to provide economic and social benefits for both the inmates and the correctional institution.

Keywords: Batik Jeruji; Marketing; Inmate Welfare

THE EFFECT OF WORKLOAD ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS AT THE CLASS IIA LANGKAT NARCOTICS CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION AND THE CLASS III LANGKAT YOUTH CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Rafael Arapenta Perangin-Angin — 2026-05-01

This study aims to examine the effect of workload on the performance of correctional officers at Class IIA Langkat Narcotics Correctional Institution and Class III Langkat Youth Correctional Institution. The research is motivated by overcrowding conditions in both institutions, which increase work intensity and potentially affect officers’ performance. The population consists of all employees working in the two correctional institutions, and data were collected through online questionnaires. The study applies a quantitative approach, with data analyzed using simple linear regression with the assistance of statistical software. The results show that workload has a negative effect on the performance of correctional officers in both institutions. This means that higher levels of workload tend to reduce officers’ performance. The findings indicate that excessive duties and work pressure caused by overcrowding can affect officers’ productivity and effectiveness in carrying out their responsibilities. Therefore, this study recommends that prison management improve the task distribution system and work scheduling, while also providing training and psychological support for officers. These efforts are important to maintain officer performance, productivity, and well-being in a sustainable manner.

Keywords: Workload; Performance; Correctional Officers; Narcotics Correctional Institution; Youth Correctional Institution

EVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CASHLESS PAYMENTS AS A MEASURE TO PREVENT ILLEGAL FEES IN CLASS IIB CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN SLEMAN

Wily Nur Fauzi Pratama — 2026-05-01

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of a cashless system as an effort to prevent illegal fees at Class IIB Sleman Correctional Institution. The research applies a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation studies. The analysis is based on the policy implementation theory of Randall B. Ripley and Grace A. Franklin, which emphasizes two perspectives: compliance with established policies and an examination of what occurs during implementation and the factors influencing it. The findings show that the implementation of the cashless system helps improve transparency and efficiency in financial transactions among inmates. However, its effectiveness is still constrained by several factors, including technical issues, overcrowding conditions, limited human resources, and misconduct by certain staff members. Although the implementers generally demonstrate a good level of compliance and understanding of the policy, these obstacles hinder the system from functioning optimally. The study is limited because it focuses only on one correctional institution and does not explore inmates’ perceptions in depth. Therefore, future research is recommended to examine the role of digital monitoring systems and expand the research scope to other correctional institutions.

Keywords: Cashless System; Illegal Fees; Policy Evaluation

IMPLEMENTING THE BREAD-MAKING INDEPENDENCE PROGRAM TO FOSTER INMATES’ ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT AT KENDARI CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

La Ode M Aldhian Putra Hadini — 2026-05-01

This research examines the implementation of a bread-making independence development program at Class IIA Kendari Correctional Institution as an effort to foster the entrepreneurial spirit of inmates. The study is motivated by the need to equip inmates with practical work skills and an entrepreneurial mindset that can support their social reintegration after completing their sentences. The research aims to analyze how the program contributes to developing entrepreneurial values among inmates and to identify the challenges encountered during its implementation. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The analysis is based on the implementation theory of David C. Korten and the entrepreneurship perspective of Purnomo. The findings indicate that the bread-making program helps improve inmates’ entrepreneurial skills through practical training, talent development, and cooperation with external partners. However, the implementation still faces several obstacles, including limited facilities, insufficient training materials, and restricted participation opportunities for inmates. Despite these challenges, the program has the potential to support inmates in developing productive skills that can be utilized after their release.

Keywords: Implementation; Entrepreneurship; Development; Inmates; Bread

THE EFFECT OF INCLUSIVE LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT AT THE ARGA MAKMUR CLASS IIB CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Achmad Aldi Al Faruq — 2026-05-01

This study aims to analyze the effect of inclusive leadership on employee engagement at Class IIB Arga Makmur Correctional Institution. Inclusive leadership is viewed as a leadership approach that creates a supportive, participatory work environment and appreciates diversity, thereby encouraging stronger employee involvement in their work. The research uses a quantitative approach, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to employees. The collected data were analyzed using simple linear regression with the assistance of IBM SPSS. The findings indicate that inclusive leadership has a positive and significant influence on employee engagement. Leaders who adopt an inclusive leadership style are able to build a more open and supportive work atmosphere, which encourages employees to feel valued, actively participate, and show greater commitment to their work. Therefore, the implementation of inclusive leadership practices can be an effective strategy for increasing employee engagement within the organization.

Keywords: Inclusive Leadership; Work Engagement; Correctional Institutions

THE EFFECT OF THE MERIT SYSTEM AND WORK MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT THE PADANG CLASS II A CORRECTIONAL FACILITY AND THE PADANG CLASS I CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

Faris Adhelflo — 2026-05-01

This study aims to examine the influence of the merit system and work motivation on employee performance at the Class IIA Padang Correctional Institution and the Class I Padang Correctional Center. The background of this research is based on the importance of implementing competency-based and objective human resource management, as well as the increasing demands for improving the quality of public services. The study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method, where data were collected through questionnaires distributed to employees from both institutions. The collected data were analyzed using validity and reliability tests and multiple linear regression. The results of the study indicate that both the merit system and work motivation positively influence employee performance. Among the two variables, work motivation appears to be the more dominant factor in improving employee performance. These findings suggest that the implementation of a fair and transparent merit system, combined with efforts to strengthen employee motivation, can serve as an important foundation for enhancing performance within the correctional work environment.

Keywords: Merit System; Work Motivation; Employee Performance; Socialization

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT OF BAKPIA MBAH WIRO 378 INDEPENDENCE COACHING BASED ON CREATIVE ECONOMY AT YOGYAKARTA CLASS IIA PRISON

Dimas Muhammad Rafi Fahrezy — 2026-05-01

This study aims to analyze the development of the independence training program through the production of “Bakpia Mbah Wiro 378” at Lapas Class IIA Yogyakarta, which integrates creative economy principles into correctional vocational activities. The research focuses on examining how the product development process is implemented within the training program and identifying the challenges that hinder its optimization. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through observation, structured interviews with key informants, literature review, and document analysis. The findings indicate that the bakpia production program contributes positively to improving inmates’ practical skills, work discipline, and entrepreneurial insight, which can support their social reintegration after release. Through participation in the production process, inmates gain experience in food processing, teamwork, and responsibility in a work environment. However, the program still faces several obstacles, such as limited access to quality raw materials, the lack of modern production equipment, limited marketing strategies, and restricted access to broader markets. Therefore, the study highlights the importance of product innovation, strengthening cooperation with government institutions and private partners, and utilizing digital platforms such as social media and e-commerce to expand market reach and improve the sustainability of correctional industry products. This research contributes to the discussion on creative economy-based correctional empowerment programs and provides recommendations to enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of products produced within correctional institutions.

Keywords: Correctional Institution; Inmate Empowerment; Vocational Training; Creative Economy; Product Development; Reintegration

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL INDEPENDENCE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR INMATES AT THE CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION IN KEDIRI

Indaka Prasetyo — 2026-05-01

This study examines the implementation of the agricultural independence development program at the Class IIA Kediri Correctional Institution. The program has not been implemented optimally because there is no specific agricultural development framework within the institution, and only a small number of inmates participate despite the availability of relatively large agricultural land. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the agricultural development program is implemented, identify the obstacles faced, and evaluate its contribution to social reintegration and food security. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, and document analysis conducted at the Assimilation and Education Facility (SAE). The findings show that the program is carried out through a practical “learning by doing” approach, where inmates are directly involved in agricultural activities. This program provides benefits by equipping inmates with basic agricultural skills and contributing to the availability of food supplies for the correctional institution. However, its implementation still faces several challenges, including limited budget allocation, low inmate participation, lack of staff expertise in agriculture, and weather conditions that affect agricultural productivity. Although the program contributes to social reintegration and supports food security, its impact remains limited due to the small scale of implementation. Therefore, improvements are needed through increased inmate participation, better staff training, and the development of strategies that can adapt to climate conditions. The proposed “OPTIMIS” program offers a solution by strengthening collaboration with the Agriculture Department and universities, providing more structured training, and offering incentives such as certificates for participating inmates, so that the program can have a broader impact on social reintegration and institutional food security.

Keywords: Program Implementation; Food Security; Kediri Class IIA Prison; Self Reliance Development; Agriculture; Social Reintegration

IMPLEMENTATION OF WORK ACTIVITIES FOR PRISONERS IN STRENGTHENING LOCUS OF CONTROL IN METRO CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Aliya Salma — 2026-05-03

This study aims to analyze the implementation of work activity programs for inmates at the Metro Class IIA Correctional Institution in supporting the main objective of the correctional system, namely social reintegration. These work activities are designed to equip inmates with practical skills and increase their motivation to improve their quality of life by strengthening their internal locus of control (LoC). The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The study applies program implementation theory and Locus of Control theory to understand how the program is carried out and its impact on inmates. The findings show that the implementation of work activities has been supported by collaboration with external partners and active participation from inmates who engage in activities based on their interests and talents. This condition helps strengthen inmates’ internal locus of control, as they become more responsible, confident, and motivated to plan their future after release. However, several challenges still hinder the optimal implementation of the program, including limited product marketing, low motivation among some inmates, budget constraints, and limited access to training. Therefore, improvements are needed, particularly in expanding marketing strategies, increasing training opportunities, and strengthening institutional support, so that the program can more effectively contribute to inmates’ personal development and successful social reintegration.

Keywords: Correctional Institution; Locus of Control, Prisoners; Work Activities

COMMUNICATION MODEL OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS TO RECIDIVIST INMATES IN ENCOURAGING PARTICIPATION IN SELF-RELIANCE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AT CLASS I CORRECTIONAL FACILITY MEDAN

Mikael Theotista Dzurgi Gultom — 2026-05-04

This study examines the communication patterns used by correctional officers in engaging recidivist inmates at the Class I Correctional Facility Medan, in response to the high rate of recidivism in Indonesia and the challenges of overcrowding. The research aims to describe how communication is applied in the rehabilitation process and to identify the obstacles faced in encouraging inmate participation in independence development programs. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation involving correctional officers and recidivist inmates selected purposively. The findings show that interpersonal communication characterized by empathy, openness, and a persuasive approach plays an important role in increasing inmate participation in rehabilitation activities, particularly vocational skills training programs. However, the implementation of effective communication is still constrained by several factors, including overcrowded conditions, a limited number of officers, lack of communication training, and peer pressure among inmates. These challenges hinder the optimization of rehabilitation programs. Therefore, strengthening communication capacity, increasing the number of officers, and improving institutional support are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of inmate rehabilitation and reduce recidivism rates.

Keywords: Communication Model; Recidivist Inmates; Independence Development; Correctional Facility; Rehabilitation

THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY GROUPS CONCERNED WITH CORRECTIONAL CARE IN EMPOWERING CORRECTIONAL CLIENTS THROUGH JOB TRAINING AT MR. KUMIS BICYCLE REPAIR SHOP

Dandi Prasetiyo Kusuma Aji — 2026-05-04

This study highlights the importance of fostering independence and empowerment among correctional clients in Indonesia, particularly in response to high crime rates associated with low education levels and unstable employment. The empowerment process is implemented through vocational training at the Pak Kumis Bicycle Workshop under the supervision of the Purwokerto Probation Board. Using a descriptive qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation involving clients, correctional officers, members of the Pokmas Lipas group, and clients’ families. The findings show that Pokmas Lipas plays a significant role in supporting clients by providing technical skills, psychosocial encouragement, and the development of positive work attitudes. As a result, clients demonstrate improved competence, confidence, discipline, and readiness to live independently after completing their correctional programs. The program also contributes to faster and smoother social reintegration into the community. However, several challenges remain, including inconsistent discipline among clients, limited training facilities, unclear legal status of Pokmas Lipas, and low community involvement. Overall, the study concludes that vocational training through Pokmas Lipas is highly beneficial in strengthening the independence and skills of correctional clients, although improvements in resources, institutional support, and community acceptance are still needed to optimize its impact.

Keywords: Correctional Clients; Empowerment; Job Training; Social Reintegration

PRISON LAND UTILIZATION STRATEGY IN SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDEPENDENCE FOR PRISONERS IN CLASS IIA BENGKULU PRISON

Ahmad Akbar Beng Lieng — 2026-05-04

This study examines the optimization of inmate development programs at Lapas Kelas IIA Bengkulu, focusing on the utilization of available land to support independence training. Although the institution has a large area of land with significant potential, its use has not yet been maximized. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and document studies. The analysis is based on Mintzberg’s strategy theory and the concept of correctional development (SPPN). The findings show that the strategies implemented include agricultural activities, plantations, and land-based skills training aimed at supporting inmates’ independence and accelerating their social reintegration. However, the implementation of these strategies faces several challenges, such as unfavorable land conditions, limited facilities and skilled personnel, budget constraints, rigid institutional regulations, limited market access, and negative public stigma toward inmates and their products. Therefore, more comprehensive support, improved resource management, and stronger collaboration with external parties are needed to optimize land utilization and enhance the effectiveness of independence development programs.

Keywords: Independence Development; Land Utilization; Prisoners

CAPACITY BUILDING AND STRATEGY: VOCATIONAL AND STRATEGIC TRAINING CAPACITY BUILDING AND KNOWLEDGE II A PEKAN BARU

Rezi Nalsal — 2026-05-04

This study analyzes vocational training strategies as an effort to empower inmates at the Class IIA Pekanbaru Correctional Institution and identifies the factors that support and hinder their implementation. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, and analyzed thematically. The study applies the Management by Objectives (MBO) and Empowerment Theory frameworks to understand how empowerment strategies are carried out. The findings show that the empowerment strategy is participatory and humanistic, where inmates are involved in training based on their interests, such as animal husbandry, agriculture, and barista skills. The training combines theory and practice, emphasizes independence, and builds trust in inmates to develop their abilities. This approach helps inmates gain useful skills and prepares them for reintegration into society. However, the program still faces several obstacles, making it necessary to strengthen collaboration among stakeholders. With better cooperation and support, the institution can optimize the potential of inmates most of whom are of productive age and support the realization of independent and socially reintegrated individuals in line with correctional system goals.

Keywords: Vocational Training; Correctional Inmates; Lapas Class IIA Pekanbaru; Development Strategy; Social Reintegration

EVALUATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDEPENDENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES TO PROMOTE FOOD SECURITY AT THE CLASS IIA BATAM CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Muhammad Rafly Firmansyah — 2026-05-05

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of independence training programs through agricultural and livestock activities at the Class IIA Batam Correctional Institution in supporting food security and improving inmates’ skills. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model, and data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings show that, from the context perspective, the program is relevant to national policies and local needs. In terms of input, the program faces constraints such as limited land, budget, and infrastructure. From the process aspect, the activities are carried out in a structured manner, although they are influenced by external factors such as weather conditions and varying levels of inmate motivation. Meanwhile, from the product perspective, the program has produced tangible outputs such as vegetable and fish harvests, while also improving inmates’ practical work skills. Overall, the program contributes positively to both food security within the institution and the development of inmates’ competencies. However, the study is limited to a single correctional institution, so future research is recommended to expand the scope by including comparative analysis across different institutions to obtain more comprehensive insights.

Keywords: Independence Development; Food Security; CIPP Evaluation Model

EFFECTIVENESS OF VEGETABLE CULTIVATION ACTIVITIES TO SUPPORT FOOD SECURITY AT CLASS IIB WONOGIRI CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Rizq Adyatma Sinulingga — 2026-05-05

This study examines efforts to support food security through vegetable cultivation by utilizing prison land at the Class IIB Wonogiri Correctional Institution. The program is part of an agricultural independence initiative aimed at increasing food reserves, anticipating potential food crises, and contributing to Indonesia’s food self-sufficiency. The research uses a qualitative approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, and document studies, and analyzed through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The analysis is based on program effectiveness theory and food security theory. The findings show that the program has been implemented by optimizing available land and cultivating relatively easy-to-grow vegetables such as kale, spinach, and eggplant. The harvest is used to supplement the nutritional needs of inmates, indicating that the program contributes positively to institutional food security. However, several obstacles hinder its sustainability, including pest attacks, soil fertility issues, and sanitation challenges. In addition, limited budget allocation creates uncertainty, as the continuity of the program depends on the outcomes of previous harvests. Therefore, improvements in resource management, agricultural support, and funding stability are necessary to ensure the long-term effectiveness of the program.

Keywords: Effectivenes; Self-Reliance Development; Food Security; Vegetable Cultivation

IMPLEMENTATION OF GOAT FARMING COACHING AS A MEANS OF IMPROVING THE WORK SKILLS OF INMATES AT THE CLASS IIB CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION IN TANJUNG BALAI

Stevenson Eko Putra Turnip — 2026-05-05

Correctional institutions are not only responsible for enforcing sentences but also for fostering inmates’ personal development to support their reintegration into society. One form of personality development is spiritual guidance through tahsin and tajwid methods, which aim to improve Qur’anic recitation while shaping more religious and morally grounded individuals. This study examines the implementation of these Islamic spiritual activities at the Class IIA Correctional Facility in Palu and identifies the obstacles encountered in the process. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, and document analysis from both primary and secondary sources. The analysis is based on implementation theory and the concept of correctional development (SPPN). The findings indicate that tahsin and tajwid activities contribute positively to inmates’ character development, particularly in fostering discipline, religious awareness, and cooperation with external partners. These activities help create a more structured and value-oriented environment within the correctional institution. However, the implementation of the program still faces several challenges, including limited religious knowledge among inmates, budget and human resource constraints, low intrinsic motivation, and environmental factors that are not fully supportive. Therefore, strengthening institutional support, increasing training resources, and enhancing motivational approaches are necessary to optimize the effectiveness of spiritual development programs for inmates.

Keywords: Independence Development; Goat Farming; Work Skills

IMPLEMENTATION OF FOOD SECURITY PROGRAMS IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE BANTEN REGION

Ananta Marchelino Syahputra — 2026-05-05

This study analyzes the implementation of the Food Security Program in eight correctional institutions in the Banten region as part of inmate rehabilitation efforts. The research uses a qualitative approach, with data collected through observation and in-depth interviews involving correctional officers and inmates. The findings show that the program provides tangible benefits, particularly in reducing food procurement costs (BAMA) and improving inmates’ skills through agricultural and productive activities. However, its implementation has not yet been optimal. Several obstacles were identified, including the absence of clear national technical regulations, limited land availability, inadequate infrastructure, and a shortage of skilled personnel. Some institutions, such as the open prison model, have shown more progress by approaching the minimum contribution target, while others are still in the early stages of development. The analysis, based on the implementation theory of Grindle and the empowerment concept of Julian Rappaport, highlights the importance of strong institutional support, capacity building, and the development of an integrated evaluation system. These elements are essential to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of the Food Security Program in correctional institutions.

Keywords: Food Security; Correctional Institutions; Policy Implementation; Prisoner Empowerment

IMPLEMENTATION OF INMATE INTEGRATION SERVICES AS AN EFFORT TO REALIZE SOCIAL REINTEGRATION IN CLASS IIA PRISON KEDIRI

Salman Alfarizi Arya Putra — 2026-05-06

The study employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving correctional officers and inmates. The analysis was conducted using the Miles and Huberman model and supported by thematic analysis. The findings reveal that integration service policies have generally been implemented in accordance with established standards. However, their effectiveness remains limited due to several constraints, including overcapacity conditions, a shortage of correctional officers, weak coordination with external stakeholders, and low levels of social support for inmates. These results highlight the importance of strengthening resource capacity, improving inter-agency collaboration, and enhancing social support systems to ensure the success of inmate reintegration into society.

Keywords: Prisoner Integration; Social Reintegration; Corrections; Policy Implementation

THE ROLE OF CORRECTIONAL GUARDIANS IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT TO IMPROVE PRISONERS' SELF-CONTROL AT CLASS IIA CURUP CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

Jehan Aidil Ruwanda — 2026-05-07

This study examines the role of correctional counselors (Wali Pemasyarakatan) in enhancing inmates’ self-control through personality development programs at the Class IIA Curup Correctional Facility. Correctional counselors act as facilitators, communicators, and motivators in supporting inmate rehabilitation and social reintegration. Strengthening self-control is considered essential to prevent recidivism and help inmates adapt successfully to life after release. The findings show that counselors play an active role in conducting risk assessments, assisting inmates in the reintegration process, and supervising spiritual and personality development programs. They also maintain ongoing communication with inmates and provide emotional support, which contributes to improving inmates’ self-awareness and behavioral control. However, several challenges hinder the effectiveness of their role, including limited facilities, an imbalance between the number of officers and inmates, diverse inmate backgrounds, and the lack of specialized psychological training for counselors. Therefore, it is necessary to improve infrastructure, increase the number of correctional staff, and provide targeted training programs to strengthen counselors’ competencies. These efforts are expected to enhance the effectiveness of personality development programs and support successful inmate reintegration into society.

Keywords: Correctional Counselor; Personality Development; Self-Control; Inmates

OPTIMIZING INDEPENDENCE TRAINING THROUGH SEWING TRAINING AS AN EFFORT TO IMPROVE THE SKILLS OF PRISONERS AT THE CLASS IIA SALEMBA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Erikson Candra Saragih — 2026-05-07

Correctional institutions play an important role in equipping inmates with productive skills to support their reintegration into society. At the Class IIA Salemba Correctional Institution, one such effort is sewing skills training, which aims not only to improve work competence but also to foster discipline, independence, and readiness for social life after release. This study examines the optimization of self-reliance development through sewing training and identifies the obstacles faced in its implementation. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The analysis is supported by optimization and skills development theories, with stages including data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that self-reliance development has been implemented through structured sewing training programs guided by supervisors and instructors. This approach helps inmates develop practical skills and work discipline. However, several challenges limit the program’s effectiveness, such as a lack of sewing machines, inconsistent training schedules, limited budgets, a shortage of skilled instructors, and the absence of post-release follow-up programs. These constraints reduce the long-term sustainability and impact of the training. Therefore, improvements in facilities, human resources, and continuity programs are necessary to optimize the benefits of sewing training for inmates’ future independence.

Keywords: Self-Reliance Development; Sewing Training; Inmate Skills

THE ROLE OF SELF-EFFICACY IN IMPROVING THE SELF-CONFIDENCE AND ABILITIES OF CHILD CLIENTS

Andre Manuella Pasaribu — 2026-05-07

This study examines the issue of low self-efficacy and self-confidence among Children in Conflict with the Law during their rehabilitation at Pusat Pelayanan Sosial Griya Bina Karsa. The research aims to identify the role of self-efficacy in improving children’s confidence and abilities throughout the rehabilitation process. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews and observations involving child clients, community counselors, and social workers. The findings reveal that interventions such as skills training, non-formal education, and social support play a significant role in enhancing children’s self-efficacy. These efforts help improve their confidence, adaptability, and readiness to reintegrate into society while reducing the risk of reoffending. The development of self-efficacy occurs gradually through strengthening motivational, cognitive, and emotional aspects. These findings highlight that self-efficacy is a crucial foundation for building positive behavior and supporting successful social reintegration among children undergoing rehabilitation.

Keywords: Self-Efficacy; Self-Confidence; Ability; Children in Conflict with the Law

INMATES’ COPING STRESS STRATEGIES AT CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION OF KOTABUMI

M Akbar Rizky — 2026-05-07

Keywords: Coping Strategy; Stress; Prison; Emotion-Focused; Problem-Focused

IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY INTELLIGENCE IN EARLY DETECTION OF SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER DISTURBANCES AT THE CLASS I PRISON IN BANDARLAMPUNG

M Fadel Alfayed Idham — 2026-05-07

This study explores the implementation of correctional intelligence as a proactive strategy for early detection of security and order disturbances (kamtib) at the Class I Correctional Institution in Bandarlampung. The research is driven by systemic challenges such as overcrowding, limited personnel capacity, and the circulation of contraband, which weaken internal supervision within correctional facilities. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through observations, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. The analysis is based on policy implementation theory by George C. Edwards III and intelligence theory by Sun Tzu. The findings show that correctional intelligence is implemented through three main functions: investigation, security operations, and outreach (intelligence cultivation). These functions have been initiated but are not yet optimal due to several constraints, including limited technical training, underdeveloped reporting systems, and weak coordination between units. However, persuasive interpersonal approaches in outreach activities have proven effective in obtaining important information from inmates. The study highlights the need for strategic improvements to strengthen the effectiveness of early warning systems. Key recommendations include enhancing human resource competencies, optimizing the organizational structure of correctional intelligence, and integrating information technology to improve data analysis and reporting. In addition, stronger collaboration with external law enforcement agencies is essential to build a more adaptive and anticipatory security system within correctional institutions.

Keywords: Correctional Intelligence; Early Detection; Security and Order Disturbance; Overcrowding

THE IMPACT OF PLACING PRISONERS AND DETAINEES IN ONE ROOM

Ahmad Ubaidillah Assyafii — 2026-05-07

This study aims to analyze the impact of placing inmates and detainees in the same housing cells at the Class IIA Batam State Detention Center, which is experiencing significant overcrowding. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through direct observation and in-depth interviews involving inmates, detainees, and correctional staff. The findings reveal that overcrowding combined with the mixing of inmates and detainees creates both physical and psychological pressure. These conditions lead to frustration, discomfort, and the emergence of aggressive behavior among occupants. The lack of separation based on legal status also contributes to tension and reduces the effectiveness of rehabilitation and supervision processes. Although preventive measures have been implemented, the main issues of overcapacity and inadequate classification of detainees have not been fully resolved. Therefore, more comprehensive policies are needed, particularly regarding proper housing classification and capacity management. Future research is recommended to further examine the effectiveness of separation policies and the impact of overcrowding on inmates’ mental health within correctional institutions.

Keywords: Deprivation; Frustration-Aggression; Inmate Placement

IMPLEMENTATION OF NUTRITION AND FOOD RIGHTS FOR CHILDREN UNDER THE CARE OF THE BATAM CLASS II SPECIAL CHILDREN'S CARE INSTITUTION

Bayu Prayoga — 2026-05-07

This study analyzes the implementation of nutritional rights for children at the Class II Batam Special Child Development Institution, recognizing that adequate nutrition is a fundamental right for all children, including those in institutional care. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, and analyzed using the policy implementation model of Donald Van Meter and Carl Van Horn. The findings show that the institution has provided basic nutritional services, including regular meals and snacks. However, the overall nutritional status of the children has not yet reached optimal levels, as a significant number still experience malnutrition or overnutrition. This indicates that the existing program has not fully met the nutritional needs of all children. Several key obstacles were identified, including the absence of professional nutritionists, limited budget allocation, inadequate kitchen facilities, overcrowding conditions, and weak coordination among related institutions. These challenges hinder the effective implementation of nutritional programs. In conclusion, the fulfillment of children’s nutritional rights in the institution is still not optimal. Improvements are needed through increased resources, better facilities, the involvement of nutrition experts, and stronger cross-sector coordination to ensure that children receive adequate and balanced nutrition.

Keywords: Implementation; Nutritional Rights; Children; Special Child Development Institution Class 2 Batam

IMPLEMENTATION OF GUIDANCE FOR FOREIGN PRISONERS (PAPUA NEW GUINEA) AT THE CLASS II A NARCOTICS PRISON IN JAYAPURA

Helena Morin — 2026-05-07

This study examines the implementation of rehabilitation programs for foreign inmates from Papua New Guinea (PNG) at the Class IIA Narcotics Prison in Jayapura, focusing on their preparation for social reintegration as responsible and independent individuals. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, and analyzed with the support of NVivo software to identify key themes. The findings reveal that rehabilitation programs for PNG inmates have not been implemented optimally. Most available programs are limited to personality development activities such as religious guidance, sports, and health services, while access to vocational training remains very limited. Several obstacles were identified, including language and cultural differences, limited facilities, differences in legal systems, and security concerns related to previous escape cases. In addition, the lack of support from the Papua New Guinea Consulate poses a significant barrier to fulfilling the integrative rights of foreign inmates. The study concludes that more adaptive and inclusive rehabilitation programs are needed, particularly those that consider cultural and linguistic differences. Strengthening coordination with the consulate and improving institutional support are also essential to ensure more effective rehabilitation and successful reintegration of foreign inmates into society.

Keywords: Rehabilitation; Foreign Inmates; Papua New Guinea; Rehabilitation Barrier;Social Reintegration

CONTEXT INPUT PROCESS PRODUCT (CIPP) EVALUATION MODEL IN THE IMPRISONER INDEPENDENCE GUIDANCE PROGRAM AS AN EFFORTS TO PREVENT RECIDIVISTS IN CLASS IIA SRAGEN PRISON

Fauzaan Mukti Dicky Marcellino — 2026-05-07

This study applies the Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) evaluation model to assess the effectiveness of the independent skills development program for inmates at the Class IIA Sragen Correctional Institution as a strategy to prevent recidivism. The findings indicate that, from the context perspective, social stigma toward ex-prisoners is a major barrier to the success of the program. In terms of input, limitations in resources, including inadequately trained facilitators and insufficient training facilities, hinder program effectiveness. From the process aspect, low inmate motivation and inconsistent training schedules reduce the quality of program implementation. Meanwhile, from the product perspective, the absence of post-release support limits former inmates’ ability to apply the skills they have acquired. Overall, the study concludes that the program has not yet been fully effective in reducing recidivism. Therefore, improvements are needed, particularly in enhancing facilitator competence, providing adequate facilities, and strengthening post-release support systems. These efforts are essential to ensure that the program can better support inmates in achieving independence and successfully reintegrating into society.

Keywords: CIPP Evaluation; Independent Skills Development; Recidivism

STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING EXPOSURE TO RADICAL IDEOLOGIES AMONG INMATES IN MEDIUM-SECURITY PRISONS AT THE SURABAYA CLASS I PRISON

Muhammad Nur Fauzi — 2026-05-07

This study analyzes strategies to prevent radicalization among terrorism convicts at the Class I Surabaya Correctional Facility using the Situational Crime Prevention approach. The research employs a qualitative method, with data collected through interviews with correctional officers and terrorism convicts, as well as document analysis. The findings show that prevention strategies are implemented through four main approaches: increasing the effort required to engage in radical activities, increasing the risk of detection, reducing provocations, and removing justifications for such behavior. In practice, these strategies are reflected in strict surveillance, the separation of terrorism convicts in special housing blocks, and the provision of moderate religious guidance to counter radical ideologies. Although these efforts have contributed to controlling the spread of radicalization, the study highlights the need for further improvements. Strengthening collaboration with external institutions, enhancing officer training, and expanding rehabilitation programs are essential steps to reduce tension, manage inmate behavior more effectively, and support successful deradicalization within correctional facilities.

Keywords: Radicalization Prevention; Terrorism Convicts; Situational Crime Prevention