Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

MARKETING STRATEGY FOR PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM INDEPENDENCE BUILDING THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA AND E-COMMERCE AT THE MALANG CLASS I CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Abyan Lazuardi Al Faruq — 2026-05-01

This study aims to analyze the marketing strategy for products made by inmates through social media and e-commerce at Malang Class I Correctional Institution. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that the correctional institution has implemented the marketing mix concept (product, price, place, and promotion) in its digital marketing strategy. Products produced by inmates demonstrate good market potential; however, several challenges remain, including limited stock management, insufficient digital promotion, and distribution systems that have not yet operated optimally. Although social media and e-commerce platforms such as Instagram and Shopee have been utilized, their use has not been fully optimized due to limitations in human resources and digital infrastructure. Despite these challenges, the marketing strategy has contributed positively to inmate empowerment and improved the public image of the institution. Therefore, improvements in digital content management, employee training in digital marketing skills, and strengthening of the distribution system are necessary to achieve more effective and sustainable marketing outcomes.

Keywords: Digital Marketing; Independence Training; Correctional Institutions; Social Media; E-Commerce; Prisoners

THE INFLUENCE OF ROLE STRESS ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT IN CLASS IIA CURUP CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Ahmad Muchlis Surya Darmawan — 2026-05-01

This study aims to analyze the effect of role stress on organizational commitment among employees at Class IIA Correctional Institution Curup. Role stress in this study is viewed through three main dimensions: role ambiguity, role conflict, and role overload, while organizational commitment is reflected through affective, continuance, and normative commitment. The research is motivated by several workplace conditions such as high workloads, uneven employee distribution, overcrowded inmate populations, and unclear role definitions, which can potentially increase role stress and reduce employee loyalty to the organization. This research uses a quantitative approach through a survey method, where data were collected from employees using questionnaires and analyzed using simple linear regression. The results show that role stress has a negative influence on organizational commitment. This means that higher levels of role stress tend to reduce employees’ commitment to the organization. These findings emphasize the importance of managing workplace stress through clearer role definitions, fair workload distribution, and stronger organizational support in order to maintain employee loyalty and productivity.

Keywords: Role Stress; Organizational Commitment; Role Ambiguity; Role Conflict; Workload; Correctional Institution

MARKETING STRATEGY FOR THE RESULTS OF BATIK JERUJI INDEPENDENCE DEVELOPMENT IN CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION BANYUWANGI

Lucky Hari Yulinarto — 2026-05-01

Batik Jeruji is a product created by inmates through self-reliance development activities at Class IIA Banyuwangi Correctional Institution. Despite having unique motifs and good product quality, the marketing of Batik Jeruji still faces several challenges. The product is not widely known by the public, and its marketing mainly relies on the prison gallery and word-of-mouth promotion. Efforts to expand marketing through digital platforms such as Shopee have not produced optimal results due to limited promotion and a lack of human resources with digital marketing skills. The marketing strategy in this study is analyzed using the 7P marketing mix approach, which includes product, price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence. The results indicate that strengthening strategies across these aspects is necessary, including improving product quality, adjusting pricing strategies, optimizing the use of social media for promotion, and providing marketing skill training for both inmates and officers. With more effective marketing strategies, Batik Jeruji has the potential to become more widely recognized by the community and to provide economic and social benefits for both the inmates and the correctional institution.

Keywords: Batik Jeruji; Marketing; Inmate Welfare

THE EFFECT OF WORKLOAD ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS AT THE CLASS IIA LANGKAT NARCOTICS CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION AND THE CLASS III LANGKAT YOUTH CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Rafael Arapenta Perangin-Angin — 2026-05-01

This study aims to examine the effect of workload on the performance of correctional officers at Class IIA Langkat Narcotics Correctional Institution and Class III Langkat Youth Correctional Institution. The research is motivated by overcrowding conditions in both institutions, which increase work intensity and potentially affect officers’ performance. The population consists of all employees working in the two correctional institutions, and data were collected through online questionnaires. The study applies a quantitative approach, with data analyzed using simple linear regression with the assistance of statistical software. The results show that workload has a negative effect on the performance of correctional officers in both institutions. This means that higher levels of workload tend to reduce officers’ performance. The findings indicate that excessive duties and work pressure caused by overcrowding can affect officers’ productivity and effectiveness in carrying out their responsibilities. Therefore, this study recommends that prison management improve the task distribution system and work scheduling, while also providing training and psychological support for officers. These efforts are important to maintain officer performance, productivity, and well-being in a sustainable manner.

Keywords: Workload; Performance; Correctional Officers; Narcotics Correctional Institution; Youth Correctional Institution

EVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CASHLESS PAYMENTS AS A MEASURE TO PREVENT ILLEGAL FEES IN CLASS IIB CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN SLEMAN

Wily Nur Fauzi Pratama — 2026-05-01

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of a cashless system as an effort to prevent illegal fees at Class IIB Sleman Correctional Institution. The research applies a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation studies. The analysis is based on the policy implementation theory of Randall B. Ripley and Grace A. Franklin, which emphasizes two perspectives: compliance with established policies and an examination of what occurs during implementation and the factors influencing it. The findings show that the implementation of the cashless system helps improve transparency and efficiency in financial transactions among inmates. However, its effectiveness is still constrained by several factors, including technical issues, overcrowding conditions, limited human resources, and misconduct by certain staff members. Although the implementers generally demonstrate a good level of compliance and understanding of the policy, these obstacles hinder the system from functioning optimally. The study is limited because it focuses only on one correctional institution and does not explore inmates’ perceptions in depth. Therefore, future research is recommended to examine the role of digital monitoring systems and expand the research scope to other correctional institutions.

Keywords: Cashless System; Illegal Fees; Policy Evaluation

IMPLEMENTING THE BREAD-MAKING INDEPENDENCE PROGRAM TO FOSTER INMATES’ ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT AT KENDARI CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

La Ode M Aldhian Putra Hadini — 2026-05-01

This research examines the implementation of a bread-making independence development program at Class IIA Kendari Correctional Institution as an effort to foster the entrepreneurial spirit of inmates. The study is motivated by the need to equip inmates with practical work skills and an entrepreneurial mindset that can support their social reintegration after completing their sentences. The research aims to analyze how the program contributes to developing entrepreneurial values among inmates and to identify the challenges encountered during its implementation. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The analysis is based on the implementation theory of David C. Korten and the entrepreneurship perspective of Purnomo. The findings indicate that the bread-making program helps improve inmates’ entrepreneurial skills through practical training, talent development, and cooperation with external partners. However, the implementation still faces several obstacles, including limited facilities, insufficient training materials, and restricted participation opportunities for inmates. Despite these challenges, the program has the potential to support inmates in developing productive skills that can be utilized after their release.

Keywords: Implementation; Entrepreneurship; Development; Inmates; Bread

THE EFFECT OF INCLUSIVE LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT AT THE ARGA MAKMUR CLASS IIB CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Achmad Aldi Al Faruq — 2026-05-01

This study aims to analyze the effect of inclusive leadership on employee engagement at Class IIB Arga Makmur Correctional Institution. Inclusive leadership is viewed as a leadership approach that creates a supportive, participatory work environment and appreciates diversity, thereby encouraging stronger employee involvement in their work. The research uses a quantitative approach, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to employees. The collected data were analyzed using simple linear regression with the assistance of IBM SPSS. The findings indicate that inclusive leadership has a positive and significant influence on employee engagement. Leaders who adopt an inclusive leadership style are able to build a more open and supportive work atmosphere, which encourages employees to feel valued, actively participate, and show greater commitment to their work. Therefore, the implementation of inclusive leadership practices can be an effective strategy for increasing employee engagement within the organization.

Keywords: Inclusive Leadership; Work Engagement; Correctional Institutions

THE EFFECT OF THE MERIT SYSTEM AND WORK MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT THE PADANG CLASS II A CORRECTIONAL FACILITY AND THE PADANG CLASS I CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

Faris Adhelflo — 2026-05-01

This study aims to examine the influence of the merit system and work motivation on employee performance at the Class IIA Padang Correctional Institution and the Class I Padang Correctional Center. The background of this research is based on the importance of implementing competency-based and objective human resource management, as well as the increasing demands for improving the quality of public services. The study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method, where data were collected through questionnaires distributed to employees from both institutions. The collected data were analyzed using validity and reliability tests and multiple linear regression. The results of the study indicate that both the merit system and work motivation positively influence employee performance. Among the two variables, work motivation appears to be the more dominant factor in improving employee performance. These findings suggest that the implementation of a fair and transparent merit system, combined with efforts to strengthen employee motivation, can serve as an important foundation for enhancing performance within the correctional work environment.

Keywords: Merit System; Work Motivation; Employee Performance; Socialization

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT OF BAKPIA MBAH WIRO 378 INDEPENDENCE COACHING BASED ON CREATIVE ECONOMY AT YOGYAKARTA CLASS IIA PRISON

Dimas Muhammad Rafi Fahrezy — 2026-05-01

This study aims to analyze the development of the independence training program through the production of “Bakpia Mbah Wiro 378” at Lapas Class IIA Yogyakarta, which integrates creative economy principles into correctional vocational activities. The research focuses on examining how the product development process is implemented within the training program and identifying the challenges that hinder its optimization. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through observation, structured interviews with key informants, literature review, and document analysis. The findings indicate that the bakpia production program contributes positively to improving inmates’ practical skills, work discipline, and entrepreneurial insight, which can support their social reintegration after release. Through participation in the production process, inmates gain experience in food processing, teamwork, and responsibility in a work environment. However, the program still faces several obstacles, such as limited access to quality raw materials, the lack of modern production equipment, limited marketing strategies, and restricted access to broader markets. Therefore, the study highlights the importance of product innovation, strengthening cooperation with government institutions and private partners, and utilizing digital platforms such as social media and e-commerce to expand market reach and improve the sustainability of correctional industry products. This research contributes to the discussion on creative economy-based correctional empowerment programs and provides recommendations to enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of products produced within correctional institutions.

Keywords: Correctional Institution; Inmate Empowerment; Vocational Training; Creative Economy; Product Development; Reintegration

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL INDEPENDENCE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR INMATES AT THE CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION IN KEDIRI

Indaka Prasetyo — 2026-05-01

This study examines the implementation of the agricultural independence development program at the Class IIA Kediri Correctional Institution. The program has not been implemented optimally because there is no specific agricultural development framework within the institution, and only a small number of inmates participate despite the availability of relatively large agricultural land. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the agricultural development program is implemented, identify the obstacles faced, and evaluate its contribution to social reintegration and food security. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, and document analysis conducted at the Assimilation and Education Facility (SAE). The findings show that the program is carried out through a practical “learning by doing” approach, where inmates are directly involved in agricultural activities. This program provides benefits by equipping inmates with basic agricultural skills and contributing to the availability of food supplies for the correctional institution. However, its implementation still faces several challenges, including limited budget allocation, low inmate participation, lack of staff expertise in agriculture, and weather conditions that affect agricultural productivity. Although the program contributes to social reintegration and supports food security, its impact remains limited due to the small scale of implementation. Therefore, improvements are needed through increased inmate participation, better staff training, and the development of strategies that can adapt to climate conditions. The proposed “OPTIMIS” program offers a solution by strengthening collaboration with the Agriculture Department and universities, providing more structured training, and offering incentives such as certificates for participating inmates, so that the program can have a broader impact on social reintegration and institutional food security.

Keywords: Program Implementation; Food Security; Kediri Class IIA Prison; Self Reliance Development; Agriculture; Social Reintegration

IMPLEMENTATION OF WORK ACTIVITIES FOR PRISONERS IN STRENGTHENING LOCUS OF CONTROL IN METRO CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Aliya Salma — 2026-05-03

This study aims to analyze the implementation of work activity programs for inmates at the Metro Class IIA Correctional Institution in supporting the main objective of the correctional system, namely social reintegration. These work activities are designed to equip inmates with practical skills and increase their motivation to improve their quality of life by strengthening their internal locus of control (LoC). The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The study applies program implementation theory and Locus of Control theory to understand how the program is carried out and its impact on inmates. The findings show that the implementation of work activities has been supported by collaboration with external partners and active participation from inmates who engage in activities based on their interests and talents. This condition helps strengthen inmates’ internal locus of control, as they become more responsible, confident, and motivated to plan their future after release. However, several challenges still hinder the optimal implementation of the program, including limited product marketing, low motivation among some inmates, budget constraints, and limited access to training. Therefore, improvements are needed, particularly in expanding marketing strategies, increasing training opportunities, and strengthening institutional support, so that the program can more effectively contribute to inmates’ personal development and successful social reintegration.

Keywords: Correctional Institution; Locus of Control, Prisoners; Work Activities

COMMUNICATION MODEL OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS TO RECIDIVIST INMATES IN ENCOURAGING PARTICIPATION IN SELF-RELIANCE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AT CLASS I CORRECTIONAL FACILITY MEDAN

Mikael Theotista Dzurgi Gultom — 2026-05-04

This study examines the communication patterns used by correctional officers in engaging recidivist inmates at the Class I Correctional Facility Medan, in response to the high rate of recidivism in Indonesia and the challenges of overcrowding. The research aims to describe how communication is applied in the rehabilitation process and to identify the obstacles faced in encouraging inmate participation in independence development programs. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation involving correctional officers and recidivist inmates selected purposively. The findings show that interpersonal communication characterized by empathy, openness, and a persuasive approach plays an important role in increasing inmate participation in rehabilitation activities, particularly vocational skills training programs. However, the implementation of effective communication is still constrained by several factors, including overcrowded conditions, a limited number of officers, lack of communication training, and peer pressure among inmates. These challenges hinder the optimization of rehabilitation programs. Therefore, strengthening communication capacity, increasing the number of officers, and improving institutional support are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of inmate rehabilitation and reduce recidivism rates.

Keywords: Communication Model; Recidivist Inmates; Independence Development; Correctional Facility; Rehabilitation

THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY GROUPS CONCERNED WITH CORRECTIONAL CARE IN EMPOWERING CORRECTIONAL CLIENTS THROUGH JOB TRAINING AT MR. KUMIS BICYCLE REPAIR SHOP

Dandi Prasetiyo Kusuma Aji — 2026-05-04

This study highlights the importance of fostering independence and empowerment among correctional clients in Indonesia, particularly in response to high crime rates associated with low education levels and unstable employment. The empowerment process is implemented through vocational training at the Pak Kumis Bicycle Workshop under the supervision of the Purwokerto Probation Board. Using a descriptive qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation involving clients, correctional officers, members of the Pokmas Lipas group, and clients’ families. The findings show that Pokmas Lipas plays a significant role in supporting clients by providing technical skills, psychosocial encouragement, and the development of positive work attitudes. As a result, clients demonstrate improved competence, confidence, discipline, and readiness to live independently after completing their correctional programs. The program also contributes to faster and smoother social reintegration into the community. However, several challenges remain, including inconsistent discipline among clients, limited training facilities, unclear legal status of Pokmas Lipas, and low community involvement. Overall, the study concludes that vocational training through Pokmas Lipas is highly beneficial in strengthening the independence and skills of correctional clients, although improvements in resources, institutional support, and community acceptance are still needed to optimize its impact.

Keywords: Correctional Clients; Empowerment; Job Training; Social Reintegration

PRISON LAND UTILIZATION STRATEGY IN SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDEPENDENCE FOR PRISONERS IN CLASS IIA BENGKULU PRISON

Ahmad Akbar Beng Lieng — 2026-05-04

This study examines the optimization of inmate development programs at Lapas Kelas IIA Bengkulu, focusing on the utilization of available land to support independence training. Although the institution has a large area of land with significant potential, its use has not yet been maximized. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and document studies. The analysis is based on Mintzberg’s strategy theory and the concept of correctional development (SPPN). The findings show that the strategies implemented include agricultural activities, plantations, and land-based skills training aimed at supporting inmates’ independence and accelerating their social reintegration. However, the implementation of these strategies faces several challenges, such as unfavorable land conditions, limited facilities and skilled personnel, budget constraints, rigid institutional regulations, limited market access, and negative public stigma toward inmates and their products. Therefore, more comprehensive support, improved resource management, and stronger collaboration with external parties are needed to optimize land utilization and enhance the effectiveness of independence development programs.

Keywords: Independence Development; Land Utilization; Prisoners

CAPACITY BUILDING AND STRATEGY: VOCATIONAL AND STRATEGIC TRAINING CAPACITY BUILDING AND KNOWLEDGE II A PEKAN BARU

Rezi Nalsal — 2026-05-04

This study analyzes vocational training strategies as an effort to empower inmates at the Class IIA Pekanbaru Correctional Institution and identifies the factors that support and hinder their implementation. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, and analyzed thematically. The study applies the Management by Objectives (MBO) and Empowerment Theory frameworks to understand how empowerment strategies are carried out. The findings show that the empowerment strategy is participatory and humanistic, where inmates are involved in training based on their interests, such as animal husbandry, agriculture, and barista skills. The training combines theory and practice, emphasizes independence, and builds trust in inmates to develop their abilities. This approach helps inmates gain useful skills and prepares them for reintegration into society. However, the program still faces several obstacles, making it necessary to strengthen collaboration among stakeholders. With better cooperation and support, the institution can optimize the potential of inmates most of whom are of productive age and support the realization of independent and socially reintegrated individuals in line with correctional system goals.

Keywords: Vocational Training; Correctional Inmates; Lapas Class IIA Pekanbaru; Development Strategy; Social Reintegration

EVALUATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDEPENDENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES TO PROMOTE FOOD SECURITY AT THE CLASS IIA BATAM CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Muhammad Rafly Firmansyah — 2026-05-05

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of independence training programs through agricultural and livestock activities at the Class IIA Batam Correctional Institution in supporting food security and improving inmates’ skills. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model, and data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings show that, from the context perspective, the program is relevant to national policies and local needs. In terms of input, the program faces constraints such as limited land, budget, and infrastructure. From the process aspect, the activities are carried out in a structured manner, although they are influenced by external factors such as weather conditions and varying levels of inmate motivation. Meanwhile, from the product perspective, the program has produced tangible outputs such as vegetable and fish harvests, while also improving inmates’ practical work skills. Overall, the program contributes positively to both food security within the institution and the development of inmates’ competencies. However, the study is limited to a single correctional institution, so future research is recommended to expand the scope by including comparative analysis across different institutions to obtain more comprehensive insights.

Keywords: Independence Development; Food Security; CIPP Evaluation Model

EFFECTIVENESS OF VEGETABLE CULTIVATION ACTIVITIES TO SUPPORT FOOD SECURITY AT CLASS IIB WONOGIRI CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Rizq Adyatma Sinulingga — 2026-05-05

This study examines efforts to support food security through vegetable cultivation by utilizing prison land at the Class IIB Wonogiri Correctional Institution. The program is part of an agricultural independence initiative aimed at increasing food reserves, anticipating potential food crises, and contributing to Indonesia’s food self-sufficiency. The research uses a qualitative approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, and document studies, and analyzed through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The analysis is based on program effectiveness theory and food security theory. The findings show that the program has been implemented by optimizing available land and cultivating relatively easy-to-grow vegetables such as kale, spinach, and eggplant. The harvest is used to supplement the nutritional needs of inmates, indicating that the program contributes positively to institutional food security. However, several obstacles hinder its sustainability, including pest attacks, soil fertility issues, and sanitation challenges. In addition, limited budget allocation creates uncertainty, as the continuity of the program depends on the outcomes of previous harvests. Therefore, improvements in resource management, agricultural support, and funding stability are necessary to ensure the long-term effectiveness of the program.

Keywords: Effectivenes; Self-Reliance Development; Food Security; Vegetable Cultivation

IMPLEMENTATION OF GOAT FARMING COACHING AS A MEANS OF IMPROVING THE WORK SKILLS OF INMATES AT THE CLASS IIB CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION IN TANJUNG BALAI

Stevenson Eko Putra Turnip — 2026-05-05

Correctional institutions are not only responsible for enforcing sentences but also for fostering inmates’ personal development to support their reintegration into society. One form of personality development is spiritual guidance through tahsin and tajwid methods, which aim to improve Qur’anic recitation while shaping more religious and morally grounded individuals. This study examines the implementation of these Islamic spiritual activities at the Class IIA Correctional Facility in Palu and identifies the obstacles encountered in the process. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, and document analysis from both primary and secondary sources. The analysis is based on implementation theory and the concept of correctional development (SPPN). The findings indicate that tahsin and tajwid activities contribute positively to inmates’ character development, particularly in fostering discipline, religious awareness, and cooperation with external partners. These activities help create a more structured and value-oriented environment within the correctional institution. However, the implementation of the program still faces several challenges, including limited religious knowledge among inmates, budget and human resource constraints, low intrinsic motivation, and environmental factors that are not fully supportive. Therefore, strengthening institutional support, increasing training resources, and enhancing motivational approaches are necessary to optimize the effectiveness of spiritual development programs for inmates.

Keywords: Independence Development; Goat Farming; Work Skills

IMPLEMENTATION OF FOOD SECURITY PROGRAMS IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE BANTEN REGION

Ananta Marchelino Syahputra — 2026-05-05

This study analyzes the implementation of the Food Security Program in eight correctional institutions in the Banten region as part of inmate rehabilitation efforts. The research uses a qualitative approach, with data collected through observation and in-depth interviews involving correctional officers and inmates. The findings show that the program provides tangible benefits, particularly in reducing food procurement costs (BAMA) and improving inmates’ skills through agricultural and productive activities. However, its implementation has not yet been optimal. Several obstacles were identified, including the absence of clear national technical regulations, limited land availability, inadequate infrastructure, and a shortage of skilled personnel. Some institutions, such as the open prison model, have shown more progress by approaching the minimum contribution target, while others are still in the early stages of development. The analysis, based on the implementation theory of Grindle and the empowerment concept of Julian Rappaport, highlights the importance of strong institutional support, capacity building, and the development of an integrated evaluation system. These elements are essential to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of the Food Security Program in correctional institutions.

Keywords: Food Security; Correctional Institutions; Policy Implementation; Prisoner Empowerment

IMPLEMENTATION OF INMATE INTEGRATION SERVICES AS AN EFFORT TO REALIZE SOCIAL REINTEGRATION IN CLASS IIA PRISON KEDIRI

Salman Alfarizi Arya Putra — 2026-05-06

The study employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving correctional officers and inmates. The analysis was conducted using the Miles and Huberman model and supported by thematic analysis. The findings reveal that integration service policies have generally been implemented in accordance with established standards. However, their effectiveness remains limited due to several constraints, including overcapacity conditions, a shortage of correctional officers, weak coordination with external stakeholders, and low levels of social support for inmates. These results highlight the importance of strengthening resource capacity, improving inter-agency collaboration, and enhancing social support systems to ensure the success of inmate reintegration into society.

Keywords: Prisoner Integration; Social Reintegration; Corrections; Policy Implementation

THE ROLE OF CORRECTIONAL GUARDIANS IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT TO IMPROVE PRISONERS' SELF-CONTROL AT CLASS IIA CURUP CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

Jehan Aidil Ruwanda — 2026-05-07

This study examines the role of correctional counselors (Wali Pemasyarakatan) in enhancing inmates’ self-control through personality development programs at the Class IIA Curup Correctional Facility. Correctional counselors act as facilitators, communicators, and motivators in supporting inmate rehabilitation and social reintegration. Strengthening self-control is considered essential to prevent recidivism and help inmates adapt successfully to life after release. The findings show that counselors play an active role in conducting risk assessments, assisting inmates in the reintegration process, and supervising spiritual and personality development programs. They also maintain ongoing communication with inmates and provide emotional support, which contributes to improving inmates’ self-awareness and behavioral control. However, several challenges hinder the effectiveness of their role, including limited facilities, an imbalance between the number of officers and inmates, diverse inmate backgrounds, and the lack of specialized psychological training for counselors. Therefore, it is necessary to improve infrastructure, increase the number of correctional staff, and provide targeted training programs to strengthen counselors’ competencies. These efforts are expected to enhance the effectiveness of personality development programs and support successful inmate reintegration into society.

Keywords: Correctional Counselor; Personality Development; Self-Control; Inmates

OPTIMIZING INDEPENDENCE TRAINING THROUGH SEWING TRAINING AS AN EFFORT TO IMPROVE THE SKILLS OF PRISONERS AT THE CLASS IIA SALEMBA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Erikson Candra Saragih — 2026-05-07

Correctional institutions play an important role in equipping inmates with productive skills to support their reintegration into society. At the Class IIA Salemba Correctional Institution, one such effort is sewing skills training, which aims not only to improve work competence but also to foster discipline, independence, and readiness for social life after release. This study examines the optimization of self-reliance development through sewing training and identifies the obstacles faced in its implementation. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The analysis is supported by optimization and skills development theories, with stages including data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that self-reliance development has been implemented through structured sewing training programs guided by supervisors and instructors. This approach helps inmates develop practical skills and work discipline. However, several challenges limit the program’s effectiveness, such as a lack of sewing machines, inconsistent training schedules, limited budgets, a shortage of skilled instructors, and the absence of post-release follow-up programs. These constraints reduce the long-term sustainability and impact of the training. Therefore, improvements in facilities, human resources, and continuity programs are necessary to optimize the benefits of sewing training for inmates’ future independence.

Keywords: Self-Reliance Development; Sewing Training; Inmate Skills

THE ROLE OF SELF-EFFICACY IN IMPROVING THE SELF-CONFIDENCE AND ABILITIES OF CHILD CLIENTS

Andre Manuella Pasaribu — 2026-05-07

This study examines the issue of low self-efficacy and self-confidence among Children in Conflict with the Law during their rehabilitation at Pusat Pelayanan Sosial Griya Bina Karsa. The research aims to identify the role of self-efficacy in improving children’s confidence and abilities throughout the rehabilitation process. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews and observations involving child clients, community counselors, and social workers. The findings reveal that interventions such as skills training, non-formal education, and social support play a significant role in enhancing children’s self-efficacy. These efforts help improve their confidence, adaptability, and readiness to reintegrate into society while reducing the risk of reoffending. The development of self-efficacy occurs gradually through strengthening motivational, cognitive, and emotional aspects. These findings highlight that self-efficacy is a crucial foundation for building positive behavior and supporting successful social reintegration among children undergoing rehabilitation.

Keywords: Self-Efficacy; Self-Confidence; Ability; Children in Conflict with the Law

INMATES’ COPING STRESS STRATEGIES AT CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION OF KOTABUMI

M Akbar Rizky — 2026-05-07

Keywords: Coping Strategy; Stress; Prison; Emotion-Focused; Problem-Focused

IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY INTELLIGENCE IN EARLY DETECTION OF SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER DISTURBANCES AT THE CLASS I PRISON IN BANDARLAMPUNG

M Fadel Alfayed Idham — 2026-05-07

This study explores the implementation of correctional intelligence as a proactive strategy for early detection of security and order disturbances (kamtib) at the Class I Correctional Institution in Bandarlampung. The research is driven by systemic challenges such as overcrowding, limited personnel capacity, and the circulation of contraband, which weaken internal supervision within correctional facilities. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through observations, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. The analysis is based on policy implementation theory by George C. Edwards III and intelligence theory by Sun Tzu. The findings show that correctional intelligence is implemented through three main functions: investigation, security operations, and outreach (intelligence cultivation). These functions have been initiated but are not yet optimal due to several constraints, including limited technical training, underdeveloped reporting systems, and weak coordination between units. However, persuasive interpersonal approaches in outreach activities have proven effective in obtaining important information from inmates. The study highlights the need for strategic improvements to strengthen the effectiveness of early warning systems. Key recommendations include enhancing human resource competencies, optimizing the organizational structure of correctional intelligence, and integrating information technology to improve data analysis and reporting. In addition, stronger collaboration with external law enforcement agencies is essential to build a more adaptive and anticipatory security system within correctional institutions.

Keywords: Correctional Intelligence; Early Detection; Security and Order Disturbance; Overcrowding

THE IMPACT OF PLACING PRISONERS AND DETAINEES IN ONE ROOM

Ahmad Ubaidillah Assyafii — 2026-05-07

This study aims to analyze the impact of placing inmates and detainees in the same housing cells at the Class IIA Batam State Detention Center, which is experiencing significant overcrowding. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through direct observation and in-depth interviews involving inmates, detainees, and correctional staff. The findings reveal that overcrowding combined with the mixing of inmates and detainees creates both physical and psychological pressure. These conditions lead to frustration, discomfort, and the emergence of aggressive behavior among occupants. The lack of separation based on legal status also contributes to tension and reduces the effectiveness of rehabilitation and supervision processes. Although preventive measures have been implemented, the main issues of overcapacity and inadequate classification of detainees have not been fully resolved. Therefore, more comprehensive policies are needed, particularly regarding proper housing classification and capacity management. Future research is recommended to further examine the effectiveness of separation policies and the impact of overcrowding on inmates’ mental health within correctional institutions.

Keywords: Deprivation; Frustration-Aggression; Inmate Placement

IMPLEMENTATION OF NUTRITION AND FOOD RIGHTS FOR CHILDREN UNDER THE CARE OF THE BATAM CLASS II SPECIAL CHILDREN'S CARE INSTITUTION

Bayu Prayoga — 2026-05-07

This study analyzes the implementation of nutritional rights for children at the Class II Batam Special Child Development Institution, recognizing that adequate nutrition is a fundamental right for all children, including those in institutional care. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, and analyzed using the policy implementation model of Donald Van Meter and Carl Van Horn. The findings show that the institution has provided basic nutritional services, including regular meals and snacks. However, the overall nutritional status of the children has not yet reached optimal levels, as a significant number still experience malnutrition or overnutrition. This indicates that the existing program has not fully met the nutritional needs of all children. Several key obstacles were identified, including the absence of professional nutritionists, limited budget allocation, inadequate kitchen facilities, overcrowding conditions, and weak coordination among related institutions. These challenges hinder the effective implementation of nutritional programs. In conclusion, the fulfillment of children’s nutritional rights in the institution is still not optimal. Improvements are needed through increased resources, better facilities, the involvement of nutrition experts, and stronger cross-sector coordination to ensure that children receive adequate and balanced nutrition.

Keywords: Implementation; Nutritional Rights; Children; Special Child Development Institution Class 2 Batam

IMPLEMENTATION OF GUIDANCE FOR FOREIGN PRISONERS (PAPUA NEW GUINEA) AT THE CLASS II A NARCOTICS PRISON IN JAYAPURA

Helena Morin — 2026-05-07

This study examines the implementation of rehabilitation programs for foreign inmates from Papua New Guinea (PNG) at the Class IIA Narcotics Prison in Jayapura, focusing on their preparation for social reintegration as responsible and independent individuals. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, and analyzed with the support of NVivo software to identify key themes. The findings reveal that rehabilitation programs for PNG inmates have not been implemented optimally. Most available programs are limited to personality development activities such as religious guidance, sports, and health services, while access to vocational training remains very limited. Several obstacles were identified, including language and cultural differences, limited facilities, differences in legal systems, and security concerns related to previous escape cases. In addition, the lack of support from the Papua New Guinea Consulate poses a significant barrier to fulfilling the integrative rights of foreign inmates. The study concludes that more adaptive and inclusive rehabilitation programs are needed, particularly those that consider cultural and linguistic differences. Strengthening coordination with the consulate and improving institutional support are also essential to ensure more effective rehabilitation and successful reintegration of foreign inmates into society.

Keywords: Rehabilitation; Foreign Inmates; Papua New Guinea; Rehabilitation Barrier;Social Reintegration

CONTEXT INPUT PROCESS PRODUCT (CIPP) EVALUATION MODEL IN THE IMPRISONER INDEPENDENCE GUIDANCE PROGRAM AS AN EFFORTS TO PREVENT RECIDIVISTS IN CLASS IIA SRAGEN PRISON

Fauzaan Mukti Dicky Marcellino — 2026-05-07

This study applies the Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) evaluation model to assess the effectiveness of the independent skills development program for inmates at the Class IIA Sragen Correctional Institution as a strategy to prevent recidivism. The findings indicate that, from the context perspective, social stigma toward ex-prisoners is a major barrier to the success of the program. In terms of input, limitations in resources, including inadequately trained facilitators and insufficient training facilities, hinder program effectiveness. From the process aspect, low inmate motivation and inconsistent training schedules reduce the quality of program implementation. Meanwhile, from the product perspective, the absence of post-release support limits former inmates’ ability to apply the skills they have acquired. Overall, the study concludes that the program has not yet been fully effective in reducing recidivism. Therefore, improvements are needed, particularly in enhancing facilitator competence, providing adequate facilities, and strengthening post-release support systems. These efforts are essential to ensure that the program can better support inmates in achieving independence and successfully reintegrating into society.

Keywords: CIPP Evaluation; Independent Skills Development; Recidivism

STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING EXPOSURE TO RADICAL IDEOLOGIES AMONG INMATES IN MEDIUM-SECURITY PRISONS AT THE SURABAYA CLASS I PRISON

Muhammad Nur Fauzi — 2026-05-07

This study analyzes strategies to prevent radicalization among terrorism convicts at the Class I Surabaya Correctional Facility using the Situational Crime Prevention approach. The research employs a qualitative method, with data collected through interviews with correctional officers and terrorism convicts, as well as document analysis. The findings show that prevention strategies are implemented through four main approaches: increasing the effort required to engage in radical activities, increasing the risk of detection, reducing provocations, and removing justifications for such behavior. In practice, these strategies are reflected in strict surveillance, the separation of terrorism convicts in special housing blocks, and the provision of moderate religious guidance to counter radical ideologies. Although these efforts have contributed to controlling the spread of radicalization, the study highlights the need for further improvements. Strengthening collaboration with external institutions, enhancing officer training, and expanding rehabilitation programs are essential steps to reduce tension, manage inmate behavior more effectively, and support successful deradicalization within correctional facilities.

Keywords: Radicalization Prevention; Terrorism Convicts; Situational Crime Prevention

THE MENTAL HYGIENE APPROACH IN THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FOR THE MENTAL HEALTH OF INMATES AT THE NARCOTICS CLASS IIA PRISON IN MUARA BELITI

Iswar Iswar — 2026-05-12

This study explores the application of a mental hygiene approach in personality development to improve the mental health of inmates at the Class IIA Muara Beliti Narcotics Correctional Institution. The research focuses on how the mental hygiene program is implemented and the obstacles encountered in its execution. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The findings indicate that the rehabilitation program—consisting of counseling, mental health education, and stress management activities—has a positive impact on inmates by helping them manage emotions, reduce stress, and improve overall psychological well-being. However, the implementation of the program is still constrained by several challenges, including limited facilities, a shortage of professional mental health staff, and the presence of social stigma among inmates. These factors reduce the overall effectiveness of the program. In conclusion, although the mental hygiene approach has been implemented fairly well and shows positive outcomes, further improvements are needed, particularly in enhancing facilities, increasing the availability of trained personnel, and addressing stigma, to optimize the effectiveness of mental health development programs in correctional institutions.

Keywords: Mental Hygiene; Prisoner Rehabilitation; Mental Health; Personality Development

ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN SOCIAL REHABILITATION PROGRAMS AT THE CLASS II A NARCOTICS CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION IN JAKARTA

Alvin Hanif Yusron Sabila — 2026-05-12

This study aims to analyze the role of stakeholders in the implementation of the Social Rehabilitation Program at the Class IIA Narcotics Correctional Institution, as well as to identify the challenges encountered in its implementation. Using a qualitative case study approach, the findings show that the program involves both internal and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders include institutional leaders, rehabilitation staff, and internal counselors, while external stakeholders consist of organizations such as the National Narcotics Agency, professional counselors, partner foundations, and inmates’ families. Each stakeholder contributes according to their respective roles and responsibilities, creating complementary interactions that support the rehabilitation process. However, the implementation of the program still faces several challenges, including irregular activity schedules, limited inmate mobility, low participation or motivation among inmates, security considerations, and incomplete facilities. These obstacles affect the overall effectiveness of the rehabilitation process. The study concludes that the success of social rehabilitation programs depends not only on policy design but also on the quality of collaboration and coordination among stakeholders. Strengthening cooperation, improving facilities, and enhancing program management are essential to optimize rehabilitation outcomes.

Keywords: Social Rehabilitation; Stakeholders; Drug Rehabilitation Centers; Role

THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY GUARDIAN (WALIPAS) IN INCREASING THE RELIGIOUS MOTIVATION OF CHILDREN IN CARE WHO ARE CASES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AT THE CLASS I BLITAR SPECIAL CHILDREN'S GUIDANCE INSTITUTION (LKPA)

Prasetya Adhi Nugraha — 2026-05-13

This study aims to analyze the role of Correctional Counselors (Walipas) in enhancing the religious motivation of juvenile inmates involved in sexual violence cases at the Class I Blitar Special Child Development Institution (LPKA). The research is motivated by the complex challenges faced by these juveniles, including psychological trauma, identity crises, and low motivation to practice religious values, while spiritual development has not yet been fully prioritized in the correctional setting. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation involving correctional counselors, juvenile inmates, and religious instructors. The analysis is based on the five dimensions of religious motivation proposed by Nico Syukur Dister. The findings reveal that Walipas play a multifaceted role, not only as administrative supervisors but also as spiritual mentors, psychological companions, and agents of social recovery. Through personal guidance and educational approaches, they help inmates better understand religious values, rebuild self-confidence, and develop a commitment to positive behavioral change. Religious development programs include Qur’anic learning, worship guidance, and individualized spiritual counseling. Despite these positive outcomes, several challenges remain, such as limited human resources, heavy workloads, and inadequate facilities. Nevertheless, observable improvements in behavior and religiosity among some inmates indicate that this approach is effective. The study concludes that Walipas have a strategic role in fostering religious motivation, which can serve as a foundation for personal transformation and reducing the likelihood of reoffending. Strengthening counselor capacity, increasing the number of facilitators, and developing more structured and sustainable programs are recommended to enhance the effectiveness of spiritual rehabilitation.

Keywords: Correctional Counselor; Religious Motivation; Juvenile Inmates; LPKA

RESILIENCE OF CONVICTS OF CHILD PROTECTION CRIMES IN CLASS IIA METRO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Alfhandy Adma Negara — 2026-05-14

This study aims to examine how inmates convicted of child protection crimes at the Class IIA Metro Correctional Institution develop resilience in facing strong social stigma. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the findings show that resilience is not an inherent trait but a dynamic process shaped through emotion regulation, social support, and participation in correctional development programs. By referring to the resilience framework of Edith Grotberg (I Have, I Am, I Can) and the resilience factors proposed by Karen Reivich and Andrew Shatté, the study finds that emotion regulation and the ability to reach out are the most dominant factors in building resilience. In contrast, aspects such as causal analysis and empathy are less developed among inmates. Institutional support, nondiscriminatory treatment by correctional officers, and inclusive coaching programs play a significant role in strengthening inmates’ psychological resilience. These elements help inmates cope with stigma and support their personal development during incarceration. This study highlights the importance of a humanistic and equitable correctional approach in fostering resilience as a foundation for successful rehabilitation and social reintegration.

Keywords: Resilience; Prisoners; Child Protection; Stigma; Correctional; Coaching; Emotion Regulation

IMPLEMENTATION OF RELIGIOUS GUIDANCE FOR DRUG CONVICTS IN AN EFFORT TO REDUCE THE RISK OF RECIDIVISM AT THE TULUNGAGUNG CLASS IIB CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Muhammad Qaedi Rifqi Nuranda — 2026-05-14

This study examines the implementation of religious-based rehabilitation programs for drug offenders at the Class IIB Correctional Institution in Tulungagung, with a focus on their potential to reduce recidivism. The research is motivated by the high rate of reoffending among drug convicts in Indonesia, highlighting the need for more effective rehabilitation approaches within correctional facilities. Using a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation involving inmates and correctional officers. The analysis is based on policy implementation theory by George C. Edwards III and religiosity theory by Rodney Stark and Charles Glock. The findings indicate that religious development programs such as Qur’anic recitation, congregational prayers, religious lectures, and worship activities have been implemented consistently. These activities contribute positively to improving inmates’ behavior, increasing spiritual awareness, and strengthening their motivation to avoid reoffending. However, the implementation of the program is constrained by limited human resources, inadequate facilities, and budget restrictions. Despite these challenges, the study finds that religious-based rehabilitation has strong potential as an approach to reducing recidivism. In conclusion, religious development plays a significant role in fostering positive behavioral change among inmates. To maximize its effectiveness, stronger policy support, improved resources, and enhanced collaboration between institutions are necessary to ensure sustainable and impactful rehabilitation outcomes.

Keywords: Correctional Facility; Drug Inmates; Policy Implementation; Recidivism; Religious Development

IDENTIFYING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PRISONERS IN DRUG CASES TO REDUCE ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN THE BONDOWOSO CLASS IIB PRISON

Girindra Muhammad Afrell — 2026-05-14

This study explores the thought patterns and attitudes of inmates convicted of drug-related offenses at the Class IIB Correctional Institution in Bondowoso, with a focus on understanding the factors that contribute to repeated offending. The research is motivated by the high rate of recidivism in drug cases, which raises concerns about inmates’ awareness, mindset, and readiness to change. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with inmates, religious mentors, correctional officers, and health professionals. Thematic analysis was applied to identify recurring patterns and key insights. The findings reveal that many inmates tend to justify their past actions, feel comfortable in negative environments, and display excessive optimism about avoiding legal consequences. Impulsive decision-making without careful consideration is also common. Although some inmates express a desire to change, their efforts are often inconsistent and easily influenced by emotional and social pressures. Participation in rehabilitation or religious programs is not always based on genuine motivation, but sometimes driven by formal obligations or personal strategy. The study concludes that these unhealthy thought patterns and attitudes hinder meaningful behavioral change. Therefore, rehabilitation efforts need to be more personalized, in-depth, and continuous, with a stronger emphasis on developing self-awareness, accountability, and internal motivation to support lasting transformation and reduce recidivism.

Keywords: Inmate Characteristics; Narcotics Inmates; Deviant Behavior

IMPLEMENTATION OF ISLAMIC SPIRITUAL ACTIVITIES USING THE TAHSIN AND TAJWID METHODS TO SUPPORT THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT OF INMATES AT THE PALU CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

Ramadhan L — 2026-05-14

This study examines the implementation of Islamic spiritual development through tahsin and tajwid methods in supporting the personality development of inmates at the Class IIA Correctional Facility in Palu. Correctional institutions are not only responsible for enforcing sentences but also for preparing inmates for successful reintegration into society through character and moral development. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected from primary and secondary sources through observation, interviews, and document analysis. The study is guided by implementation theory and the concept of correctional development (SPPN). The findings show that tahsin and tajwid activities contribute positively to shaping inmates’ discipline, religious awareness, and moral character. These programs also encourage collaboration with external parties, strengthening the overall development process within the institution. However, the implementation of the program still faces several challenges, including weak religious foundations among inmates, limited budget and human resources, low intrinsic motivation, and environmental factors that are not fully supportive. In conclusion, although the tahsin and tajwid approach has demonstrated positive outcomes, improvements in resources, program support, and motivational strategies are necessary to enhance its effectiveness in fostering inmates’ personality development and supporting their social reintegration.

Keywords: Corrections; Islamic Spirituality; Tahsin; Tajwid; Inmate Rehabilitation

DEFENSE MECHANISM FOR CORRUPTION CONVICTS TO INCREASE MOTIVATION IN PARTICIPATING PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Muhammad Fadlan Nugroho — 2026-05-14

This study was conducted at the Class IIA Correctional Institution in Bengkulu to explore how inmates convicted of corruption (tipikor) experience their sentences from a psychological and personality development perspective. Using a qualitative approach, the findings reveal that inmates employ various defense mechanisms to cope with the pressures of incarceration. These mechanisms can be categorized into three types: mature, neurotic, and immature. Mature defense mechanisms such as sublimation, anticipation, suppression, and humor enable inmates to remain positive, active, and cooperative, particularly in participating in programs like religious activities, gardening, and social interaction. Neurotic mechanisms, including pseudo-altruism and undoing, are used to reduce inner conflict by engaging in helpful or religious behaviors. However, less adaptive (immature) mechanisms, such as projection, passive-aggression, and idealization, are also observed among some inmates, indicating that not all individuals are able to regulate their emotions effectively. The study concludes that understanding these psychological coping strategies is essential for developing more targeted and effective rehabilitation programs. This is particularly important for corruption offenders, who often come from relatively high social and educational backgrounds, requiring more nuanced and psychologically informed approaches to support their personal transformation and reintegration into society.

Keywords: Defense Mechanism; Personality Development; Corruption Inmates

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS DRIVING RECIDIVISM IN GENERAL CRIMINAL OFFENDERS IN CLASS IIA BENGKULU CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Muhammad Fajar Ramadhan — 2026-05-14

This study aims to analyze the factors driving recidivism among general crime inmates at the Class IIA Correctional Institution in Bengkulu. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, documentation, and literature review. The findings show that recidivism is a multidimensional issue influenced by both internal and external factors. Internal factors include economic pressure, mental health conditions, and personal social challenges. External factors involve social stigma, discrimination, and the lack of effective reintegration support after release. The analysis is supported by Robert K. Merton’s Strain Theory and Howard Becker’s Labelling Theory, which explain how structural pressures and negative societal labeling can reinforce the tendency of former inmates to reoffend. The study concludes that addressing recidivism requires a more comprehensive and holistic rehabilitation approach. It emphasizes the importance of strengthening collaboration between families, communities, and government institutions to create inclusive support systems and sustainable reintegration opportunities for former inmates.

Keywords: Recidivism; Prisoners; Strain Theory; Labelling Theory; Rehabilitation; Social Reintegration

HEALTH OF ELDERLY PRISONERS IN CLASS IIA BINJAI CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Muhammad Bayu Refansyah — 2026-05-14

This study examines the environmental factors affecting the health of elderly inmates at the Class IIA Correctional Institution in Binjai, recognizing that older prisoners represent a particularly vulnerable group within correctional settings. Using a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis involving elderly inmates and health workers. The analysis follows the Miles and Huberman model, supported by NVivo software. The findings reveal that environmental conditions significantly influence the health of elderly inmates. Poor air circulation contributes to respiratory and skin disorders, limited access to clean water increases the risk of urinary tract infections, and inadequate sanitation leads to the spread of infectious diseases. Additionally, overcrowding exacerbates psychological stress and overall well-being. The study draws on Abraham Maslow’s theory of human needs and environmental stress concepts to highlight that unmet basic needs and stressful surroundings negatively impact health conditions. In conclusion, improving environmental quality within correctional facilities is essential to protect the health of elderly inmates. Systemic interventions are needed, including better sanitation, adequate water supply, improved ventilation, and more humane living conditions to support both physical and psychological well-being.

Keywords: Elderly Prisoners; Health; Prison Environment; Basic Needs; Environmental Stress

FACTORS CAUSING RECIDIVISM IN CLASS IIA CURUP CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Zhafran Al Farras — 2026-05-16

This study aims to identify the factors causing recidivism and to analyze the pattern of inmate development at the Class IIA Correctional Institution in Curup. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation involving recidivist inmates and correctional officers. The findings indicate that recidivism is influenced by both internal and external factors. Internal factors include weak self-control, low legal awareness, and continued attachment to negative environments. External factors involve economic pressure, social stigma, and the absence of an effective reintegration system after release. The institution implements development programs focused on personality and independence. However, these programs have not been fully optimal due to limited facilities and a shortage of qualified coaches. The analysis is supported by Life Course Theory and Growth Mindset Theory, which emphasize the importance of life turning points and the development of a growth-oriented mindset in preventing reoffending. The study concludes that more comprehensive and sustainable approaches are needed. It recommends the development of psychosocial-based coaching programs and stronger reintegration partnerships involving multiple stakeholders to effectively reduce recidivism and support long-term behavioral change among inmates.

Keywords: Recidivism; Correctional; Prisoner Coaching

REPEAT OFFENDERS CONVICTED OF DRUG CRIMES AT SUKADANA CLASS IIB STATE PRISON

Fazlullah Bima Vallery — 2026-05-16

This study examines the tendency of recidivism among narcotics prisoners at the Class IIB Sukadana State Detention Center, motivated by the persistently high rate of reoffending in Indonesia despite the implementation of correctional programs. The research aims to identify the internal and external factors influencing recidivism and to evaluate existing efforts to reduce its occurrence. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation involving correctional officers and recidivist inmates. The findings reveal that recidivism is driven by a combination of internal and external factors. Internal factors include low self-control and emotional instability, while external factors involve peer influence and socio-economic pressures that encourage individuals to return to criminal behavior. The study also finds that rehabilitation efforts, such as skills training and moral development programs, have contributed positively to reducing the tendency of recidivism. However, these programs are not yet fully optimal and require further strengthening to achieve more sustainable outcomes. In conclusion, reducing recidivism among narcotics inmates requires a more comprehensive rehabilitation system that addresses both psychological and social dimensions. Strengthening program quality, along with improved support systems during and after incarceration, is essential to ensure long-term behavioral change and successful reintegration into society.

Keywords: Recidivism; Narcotics Prisoners; Detention Center; Internal Factors; External Factors

EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF PRISONERS THROUGH LEARNING IN SURAKARTA CLASS I DETENTION CENTER

Ardian Rizky Putranto — 2026-05-16

This study analyzes efforts to improve the quality of inmates through educational programs implemented at the Class I Detention Center (Rutan) Surakarta. The research is based on the principle that education is a fundamental right for all citizens, including inmates, and plays a key role in supporting their rehabilitation and reintegration into society. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings show that the institution has implemented various formal and non-formal education programs, including package education (levels A, B, and C), skills training, as well as personality and independence development activities. These programs contribute significantly to character building, skill enhancement, and preparing inmates for life after release. However, the implementation of these programs faces several challenges, particularly limited facilities and infrastructure, as well as a shortage of supporting human resources. Despite these constraints, collaboration between correctional officers, inmates, and external partners has enabled the programs to run effectively and provide tangible benefits, including improved self-reliance and reduced tendencies toward reoffending. In conclusion, educational programs in correctional institutions play a crucial role in inmate development. It is recommended that the institution continue to innovate in learning methods and strengthen partnerships with stakeholders to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

Keywords: Inmate Quality Improvement; Educational Program; Social Reintegration

THE EFFECT OF GRATITUDE ON THE SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING OF EMPLOYEES AT THE CLASS IIB STATE DETENTION CENTER IN PACITAN

Titho Aldyansyah — 2026-05-16

This study aims to examine the effect of gratitude on the subjective well-being of employees at the Class IIB State Detention Center in Pacitan. Using a quantitative survey approach, data were collected from all employees through validated and reliable measurement scales, and analyzed using simple regression techniques. The findings indicate that gratitude has a positive influence on employees’ subjective well-being. Employees who demonstrate higher levels of gratitude tend to experience greater happiness, life satisfaction, and overall psychological well-being. This suggests that positive emotional attitudes play an important role in supporting mental health within the correctional work environment. In conclusion, fostering gratitude among employees can contribute to improved well-being and a more positive organizational climate. Therefore, it is recommended that detention centers implement mental development programs that encourage the practice of gratitude as part of efforts to enhance employee welfare and performance.

Keywords: Gratitude; Subjective Well-Being; Employee; State Detention Center

EFFORTS TO OPTIMIZE HEALTH SERVICES FOR ELDERLY PRISONERS AT TULUNGAGUNG CLASS IIB CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION

Dimas Aditiya Pratama — 2026-05-16

The elderly inmate population at Class IIB Correctional Facility (Lapas) in Tulungagung continues to grow, demanding the optimization of adaptive and comprehensive healthcare services. This study aims to analyze efforts to optimize healthcare services, identify key challenges, and formulate innovative solutions to fulfill the basic rights of elderly inmates. A qualitative descriptive method was employed, utilizing in-depth interviews with correctional officers, medical personnel, and elderly inmates. The findings reveal that efforts to optimize healthcare services have been implemented through regular medical visits, designated housing blocks for elderly inmates, the application of specialized Standard Operating Procedures (Dilan and Milia), and collaborations with the local Health Office and referral hospitals. However, several major obstacles persist, including a limited number of medical personnel (only one doctor and one nurse for the entire inmate population), restricted availability of medications, inadequate elderly-friendly facilities, and a manual medical record system. Family involvement also plays a significant role in accelerating the recovery process of elderly inmates. This study further recommends an innovative initiative called SEKOCI (Rapid Response Health System for Elderly Inmates), aimed at enhancing emergency healthcare response through the installation of emergency buttons in elderly housing blocks. Other strategic recommendations include increasing human resources, digitalizing health records, and strengthening multi-sectoral collaboration. The results of this research are expected to serve as a reference for correctional policy, ensuring that healthcare service optimization for elderly inmates aligns with the principles of justice, humanism, and accountability.

Keywords: Inmate Characteristics; Narcotics Inmates; Deviant Behavior

ENHANCING HEALTH SERVICES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS (TB) AT THE CLASS III YOUTH CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION OF LANGKAT

Christo Zhedilo L Sembiring — 2026-05-16

This study explores efforts to improve tuberculosis (TB) health services at the Class III Youth Correctional Institution in Langkat, Indonesia, using the Donabedian Model, which examines structure, process, and outcome aspects of healthcare delivery. The research highlights that TB remains a serious issue in correctional settings due to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and limited medical resources, requiring more systematic and integrated health service improvements. Using a qualitative approach, the findings reveal that the quality of TB services is still constrained by inadequate facilities, limited healthcare personnel, and inconsistent screening and documentation practices, which lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment. To address these challenges, the study proposes the SIPETIK (Integrated Clinical Tuberculosis Screening System) program, which focuses on improving digital medical records, implementing routine screening, strengthening health education, and enhancing collaboration with external health institutions. In conclusion, improving TB control in correctional facilities requires strengthening infrastructure, increasing staff competence, and integrating policies more effectively. The SIPETIK program offers a strategic and replicable model to enhance prison healthcare systems while supporting broader public health goals, particularly in the effort to eliminate tuberculosis.

Keywords: Tuberculosis (TB); Prison Health; Donabedian Model; Healthcare Quality; SIPETIK Program

SELF-EMPOWERMENT OF INMATES THROUGH INDEPENDENCE DEVELOPMENT AS PREPARATION FOR REINTEGRATION INTO SOCIETY AT CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL FACILITY PEKANBARU

Andi Aldin Maharaja — 2026-05-16

This study analyzes the implementation of inmate self-empowerment through an independence coaching program, specifically a barista training program at the Class IIA Correctional Institution in Pekanbaru. The research focuses on how empowerment is formed and the obstacles encountered in the process, within the broader shift of Indonesia’s correctional system toward a reintegrative approach. Using a qualitative case study method, data were collected through in-depth interviews with institutional leaders, instructors, and inmate participants, supported by observation and documentation. The findings show that self-empowerment is developed through two interconnected processes. First, through social learning based on Albert Bandura’s theory, where inmates acquire barista skills through stages of attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Second, through the looking-glass self concept by Charles Horton Cooley, where feedback from the social environment helps reshape inmates’ self-perception from negative to more positive and confident identities. However, the empowerment process faces several challenges. Internal obstacles include low self-esteem and apathy influenced by stigma. Structural obstacles involve limited facilities, budget constraints, and the quality of instructors. External obstacles include persistent social stigma in the job market and the absence of structured post-release support or aftercare programs. In conclusion, independence coaching programs such as barista training have strong potential to foster inmate self-empowerment. However, their effectiveness depends on addressing internal psychological barriers, strengthening institutional capacity, and developing sustainable reintegration support systems after release.

Keywords: Self-Empowerment; Inmates; Independence Coaching; Social Reintegration; Correctional Institution

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AND INTELLECTUAL ENHANCEMENT THROUGH LIBRARIES TO IMPROVE THE LITERACY SKILLS OF INMATES AT THE TANGERANG CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

Andi Agung Nugraha P. Tolleng — 2026-05-16

This study examines the implementation of intellectual enhancement in personality development through a literacy corner program at the Class IIA Correctional Institution in Tangerang. The program is part of the broader correctional development system (SPPN), aiming to improve inmates’ literacy skills and support their personal growth. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. The study is guided by literacy theory and the concept of correctional development (SPPN). The findings indicate that the literacy corner and library program are relatively effective in enhancing inmates’ intellectual capacity. Inmates actively use the library to gain knowledge, engage in positive activities during their free time, and improve their reading and comprehension skills. The program includes activities such as reading, writing book summaries, and participating in group discussions, which contribute to both cognitive and personal development. However, several challenges remain. Not all inmates participate actively in the program, the availability of reading materials is still limited in certain areas, and there is a lack of dedicated literacy mentors to guide and support inmates consistently. In conclusion, the literacy-based development program has a positive impact on inmates’ intellectual growth, but its effectiveness can be further enhanced by increasing participation, expanding library resources, and providing more structured mentoring support.

Keywords: Personality Development; Intellectual Development; Library; Literacy

LEGAL POLICY ANALYSIS ON THE GRANTING OF REMISSIONS FOR PRISONERS IN CLASS IIB PRABUMULIH PRISON

Misbah Ayu Nafarizka — 2026-05-16

This study analyzes the implementation of remission policies at the Class IIB Detention Center in Prabumulih and evaluates their alignment with Indonesia’s correctional goals of rehabilitation and social reintegration. It also examines the challenges encountered in the remission process, including overcrowding, inconsistent monitoring of rehabilitation programs, and concerns about fairness, particularly for serious offenders. Using a qualitative empirical approach, the research combines legal analysis with in-depth interviews involving prison officials, inmates, and legal experts, as well as documentation of remission data. The findings show that, in general, inmates who receive remission have fulfilled the required legal criteria. Remission is granted in two forms: general remission, typically provided during national and religious holidays, and special remission, which is given to inmates demonstrating significant rehabilitative progress. However, the effectiveness of the policy is constrained by several factors, including overcrowded conditions and inconsistent supervision of inmate development programs. In addition, public perceptions of fairness, especially regarding remission for serious offenders, pose challenges to the credibility of the system. These issues highlight the need for greater transparency and consistency in policy implementation. In conclusion, while remission policies contribute to the correctional objectives of rehabilitation and reintegration, improvements are necessary. Strengthening access to rehabilitation programs, enhancing monitoring mechanisms, and increasing public awareness about the purpose of remission are recommended to ensure a more effective, fair, and accountable system.

Keywords: Remission; Correctional System; Rehabilitation

POSITION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ADDICTION COUNSELOR IN THE FRAMEWORK OF REHABILITATION GUIDANCE FOR NARCOTICS USING PRISONERS AT CLASS IIB BANYUASIN NARCOTICS PRISON

Zeland Muhammad Barr — 2026-05-16

This study examines the role and responsibilities of addiction counselors in the rehabilitation of narcotics inmates at the Class IIB Banyuasin Narcotics Prison. It highlights the shifting function of correctional institutions from purely punitive environments to centers focused on recovery and reintegration. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through non-participant observation, in-depth interviews with counselors and inmates, and analysis of relevant documents. The data were then analyzed thematically to generate comprehensive insights. The findings show that addiction counselors hold a legally mandated and strategically important role within the rehabilitation system. They act as a bridge between institutional security and therapeutic processes. Their work involves structured stages of assessment and intervention, implemented through the Therapeutic Community approach, which includes individual, group, and family counseling. The program demonstrates strong effectiveness, reflected in high levels of participant compliance and successful recovery outcomes, including sustained abstinence from drug use among inmates involved in the program. In conclusion, addiction counselors play a crucial role in supporting inmate recovery, maintaining institutional stability, and advancing the rehabilitative function of correctional facilities. Strengthening their capacity and institutional support is essential to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of narcotics rehabilitation programs.

Keywords: Addiction Counselor; Rehabilitation; Narcotics Prison

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY GUIDANCE IN CONDITIONAL RELEASE AT PRABUMULIH CORRECTIONAL CENTER

Lusi Hertina — 2026-05-16

This study analyzes the effectiveness of Community Counselors in implementing conditional release at the Prabumulih Community Guidance Center (Pos Balai Pemasyarakatan Class IIB), with a focus on factors influencing the reintegration of clients into society. Using an empirical legal approach with a sociological perspective, the research employs qualitative methods, including interviews, observations, and document analysis involving counselors, clients, and related officials. The findings show that Community Counselors play a crucial role in supervising, guiding, and supporting individuals undergoing conditional release. They act as facilitators of reintegration by providing direction, monitoring behavior, and assisting clients in adapting to social life. However, the effectiveness of their role is constrained by several challenges. These include limited human resources, high counselor-to-client ratios, inadequate infrastructure, and persistent social stigma toward former inmates. These conditions reduce the ability of counselors to provide personalized guidance and optimal supervision, which in turn affects the success of the reintegration process. In conclusion, strengthening the role of Community Counselors is essential to improving conditional release outcomes. This can be achieved by increasing the number of counselors, enhancing institutional resources, improving coordination between agencies, and addressing societal stigma to support successful reintegration and reduce recidivism.

Keywords: Conditional Release; Community Counselors; Social Reintegration

ANALYSIS OF LEGAL PROTECTION FOR JUVENILE CLIENTS INVOLVED IN NARCOTICS OFFENSES THROUGH PSYCHOSOCIAL GUIDANCE USING CUENTO THERAPY

Salma Wulandari — 2026-05-16

This study examines legal protection for children involved in narcotics offenses at the Class I Bandar Lampung Probation Office, emphasizing not only legal assistance but also psychosocial support as part of child development. The research focuses on analyzing the factors that lead children to engage in narcotics offenses and evaluating the implementation of psychosocial guidance using cuento therapy as a preventive and rehabilitative approach. Using a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis. The study is grounded in the legal protection theory of Philipus M. Hadjon and psychosocial counseling theory. The findings reveal that cuento therapy is an effective tool for both preventive and repressive legal protection. Through narrative-based interventions, children are encouraged to reflect on their actions, develop self-control, reduce psychological distress, and internalize moral values in a non-intimidating manner. This approach supports mental recovery, lowers the risk of reoffending, and facilitates smoother social reintegration. However, several challenges remain, including limited time for counseling sessions, difficulties in monitoring due to children’s school activities, and geographical barriers between clients’ homes and the probation office. In conclusion, integrating psychosocial guidance with legal protection provides a more holistic and child-centered approach within the juvenile justice system. This model prioritizes the best interests of the child while supporting rehabilitation and long-term behavioral change.

Keywords: Legal Protection; Juvenile Narcotics Offenders; Psychosocial Guidance;Cuento Therapy; Probation Office

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONS OF PROBATION OFFICERS IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES UNDER THE FORMER CRIMINAL CODE AND SUPERVISION AND COMMUNITY SERVICE SENTENCES UNDER THE NATIONAL CRIMINAL CODE

Fahrurozi Saputra — 2026-05-16

The development of sentencing policy in Indonesia reflects a paradigm shift from imprisonment-oriented punishment toward supervision-based and social reintegration–oriented sanctions. This shift is evident in the comparison between conditional sentences under the former Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) and supervision and community service sentences under the National Criminal Code, which has significant implications for the functions of Community Counselors. This study aims to analyze and compare the functions of Community Counselors in the implementation of conditional sentences under the former KUHP with their roles in supervision and community service sentences under the National Criminal Code, with a case study conducted at the Class I Probation Office of Bandar Lampung. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by empirical data obtained through interviews and document analysis. The findings indicate that under the former KUHP, the role of Community Counselors was largely administrative, focusing on monitoring compliance with sentencing conditions with limited scope for social guidance. In contrast, the National Criminal Code expands the role of Community Counselors to include guidance, supervision, mentoring, and evaluation in the implementation of supervision and community service sentences. This expanded role positions Community Counselors as key actors in the success of non-custodial sanctions aimed at rehabilitation and social reintegration. The study concludes that the sentencing reform under the National Criminal Code necessitates the strengthening of institutional capacity and human resources of Community Counselors to ensure the effective realization of humane and restorative sentencing objectives.

Keywords: Community Counselors; Conditional Sentences; Supervision Sentences; Community Service Sentences; Former Criminal Code; National Criminal Code

JUDICIAL REASONING IN THE USE OF ON-SITE INSPECTION (DESCENTE) TO DETERMINE CHILD CUSTODY

Affi Nurul Laily — 2026-05-16

This study examines the use of local inspection (descente) by judges in child custody disputes at the Religious Court, particularly in Decision Number 677/Pdt.G/2024/PA.Tgm. The research focuses on the legal reasoning behind conducting a direct inspection of a child’s living environment and how the results contribute to judicial evidence in ensuring the best interests of the child. Normatively, the authority of the Religious Court in custody cases is regulated under Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and the Compilation of Islamic Law, as well as Law Number 7 of 1989 concerning Religious Courts and its amendments. Local inspection (descente) itself is governed by procedural rules such as Article 180 RBg/153 HIR and Supreme Court Circular (SEMA) No. 7 of 2001, primarily aimed at uncovering material truth. Using an empirical legal method with a qualitative approach, data were collected through document analysis and in-depth interviews with judges and related parties. The findings reveal that although descente is traditionally applied to physical objects, its extension to observing a child’s condition and environment is a progressive judicial practice. Through this process, judges are able to obtain objective and direct insights into the child’s living situation—information that cannot be fully captured through documents or witness testimony alone. From a legal standpoint, the results of the local inspection hold free evidentiary value (vrij bewijskracht), which may develop into judicial presumption and strengthen the judge’s conviction in making decisions. In conclusion, local inspection (descente) plays a vital role in safeguarding children’s rights by ensuring decisions are based on comprehensive and factual considerations. However, more specific technical regulations are needed to standardize its implementation and enhance legal certainty in future custody cases.

Keywords: Child Custody; Local Inspection (Descente); Best Interest of the Child

JUDICIAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PROTECTION OF WIVES’ AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW AFTER DIVORCE

Engkos Saeful Kholiq — 2026-05-16

Divorce in Islamic family law not only terminates the marital relationship but also gives rise to legal consequences concerning the fulfillment of the rights of wives and children after divorce. Therefore, judicial considerations play a strategic role in realizing justice, legal certainty, and legal utility. This thesis aims to analyze judges’ considerations in providing protection for the rights of wives and children after divorce in Decision Number 1127/Pdt.G/2024/PA.Tgm by using the perspectives of justice theory and maqāṣid al-sharīʿah. This research employs a normative juridical method with a case study approach supported by empirical data obtained through interviews and documentation. The data sources consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials collected through library research and field research, which are then analyzed using descriptive qualitative methods. The results show that the judges’ considerations in the decision are not only based on positive legal provisions such as Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage and the Compilation of Islamic Law, but also reflect the principles of distributive justice in the proportional distribution of the rights of wives and children, as well as corrective justice in restoring losses arising from the dissolution of marriage. From the perspective of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, the protection of rights to maintenance, ḥaḍānah, mutʿah, and child care is directed toward safeguarding religion (ḥifẓ al-dīn), life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), lineage (ḥifẓ al-nasl), and property (ḥifẓ al-māl). The implementation of the decision still encounters obstacles in terms of evidentiary issues, the compliance of the parties, and the effectiveness of enforcement. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the role of judges in exploring substantive justice and the objectives of Islamic law so that the protection of the rights of wives and children after divorce can be effectively realized in the practice of the Religious Courts.

Keywords: Judicial Considerations; Distributive and Corrective Justice; Maqāṣid Al Sharīʿah; Rights of Wives and Children; Islamic Family Law