Tingkat Keamanan Pakan Hewan Kesayangan Berbahan Dasar Daging Mentah dan Pakan Basah Berdasarkan Jumlah Total Mikrob, Enterobacteriaceae, dan Staphylococcus aureus
Microbiological Safety of Raw Meat-Based and Wet Pet Foods Based on Total Viable Count, Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus
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Herwin Pisestyani(1*)
Divisi Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner dan Epidemiologi, Sekolah Kedokteran Hewan dan Biomedis, IPB University
-
Oktaviani Putri(2)
Mahasiswa Program Studi Sarjana Kedokteran Hewan, Sekolah Kedokteran Hewan dan Biomedis, IPB University
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3730-2999
-
Firda Hikmarizky(3)
Mahasiswa Program Studi Sarjana Kedokteran Hewan, Sekolah Kedokteran Hewan dan Biomedis, IPB University
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8773-645X
-
Susi Soviana(4)
Divisi Parasitologi dan Entomologi Kesehatan, Sekolah Kedokteran Hewan dan Biomedis, IPB University
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1317-7852
-
Denny Widaya Lukman(5)
Divisi Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner dan Epidemiologi, Sekolah Kedokteran Hewan dan Biomedis, IPB University
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2193-9589
-
Herisman Hernadi(6)
Praktisi Dermatologi Veteriner di Rumah Sakit Hewan Pendidikan SKHB IPB dan Klinik Deineztin Animals Skin Center, Tangerang Selatan, Banten)
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0236-3139
-
Azed Alfara(7)
Mahasiswa Magister Program Studi Ilmu Biomedis Hewan, Sekolah Pascasarjana IPB University
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5582-0152
-
Yustika Trisiana Agun(8)
Staf Riset dan Pengembangan, PT Biotis Prima Agrisindo
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3635-7000
(*) Corresponding Author
Keywords:
animal health, Enterobacteriaceae, microbiological hazard, total viable count, Staphylococcus aureus, raw meat-based diets, wet food
Abstract
The growing popularity of raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) for pets has raised considerable concern regarding microbiological hazards due to the absence of heat treatment during production. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the microbiological quality of RMBDs and Wet pet food by assessing Total Viable Count (TVC), Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Three RMBDs brands and one Wet pet food brand, derived from chicken and beef, were analyzed, with five samples collected from each. Microbial enumeration was performed using standard plate count methods. The mean TVC in chicken- and beef-based RMBDs was 3.9 × 10⁵ ± 5.6 × 10⁵ CFU/g and 2.7 × 10⁵ ± 3.0 × 10⁵ CFU/g, respectively, compared with 3.3 × 10² ± 2.6 × 10² CFU/g in wet pet food. The mean Enterobacteriaceae counts were 3.2 × 10⁴ ± 4.8 × 10⁴ CFU/g in chicken-based RMBDs, 2.8 × 10³ ± 2.6 × 10³ CFU/g in beef-based RMBDs, and 0 CFU/g in wet pet food. The average counts of S. aureus were 2.4 × 10⁴ ± 3.0 × 10⁴ CFU/g in chicken-based RMBDs and 2.1 × 10⁴ ± 5.6 × 10⁴ CFU/g in beef-based RMBDs, whereas no S. aureus was detected in wet pet food. Overall, RMBDs exhibited significantly higher microbial loads compared with Wet pet food and did not meet international microbiological safety standards. These findings highlight the potential public health and animal health risks associated with RMBDs consumption.
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References
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Cieza, M. Y. R., Bonsaglia, E. C. R., Rall, V. L. M., Santos, M. V. dos, & Silva, N. C. C. (2024). Staphylococcal enterotoxins: Description and importance in food. Pathogens, 13(8), 676.
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Dainton, A. N., Molnar, L. M., & Aldrich, C. G. (2023). Effects of container type and size on thermal processing characteristics and B-vitamin retention of canned cat food. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1175819.
Davies, R. H., Lawes, J. R., & Wales, A. D. (2019). Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 60(6), 329–339.
Fisher, C. D., Call, D. R., & Omulo, S. (2024). Detection of antibiotic resistant Enterobacterales in commercial raw pet food: a preliminary study. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1294575.
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Hellgren, J., Hästö, L. S., Wikström, C., Fernström, L., & Hansson, I. (2019). Occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae in raw meat‐based diets for dogs. Veterinary Record, 184(14), 442.
Ibrahim, J., Kiramang, K., & Irmawaty, I. (2017). Tingkat Cemaran Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pada Daging Ayam yang Dijual Di Pasar Tradisional Makassar. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Industri Peternakan, 3(3), 169–181.
Jayawardena, S. R., Morton, J. D., Brennan, C. S., & Bekhit, A. E.-D. A. (2019). Utilisation of beef lung protein powder as a functional ingredient to enhance protein and iron content of fresh pasta. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(3), 610–618.
Jimenez, P. S., Bangar, S. P., Suffern, M., & Whiteside, W. S. (2024). Understanding retort processing: A review. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(3), 1545–1563.
Khalil, A. M., Mousa, M. M., & El-Bahy, E. F. (2018). Sanitary Condition of Some Raw Edible Beef Offal. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 59(2).
Kiprotich, S. S., Altom, E., Mason, R., & Aldrich, C. G. (2025). Reconciling the definitions of raw meat-based diets and biologically appropriate raw foods for companion animals: a mini review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 12, 1547953.
Lyu, Y., Wu, C., Li, L., & Pu, J. (2025). Current evidence on raw meat diets in pets: a natural symbol, but a nutritional controversy. Animals, 15(3), 293.
Morgan, G., Pinchbeck, G., Taymaz, E., Chattaway, M. A., Schmidt, V., & Williams, N. (2024). An investigation of the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae in raw and cooked kibble diets for dogs in the United Kingdom. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1301841.
Nemser, S. M., Doran, T., Grabenstein, M., McConnell, T., McGrath, T., Pamboukian, R., Smith, A. C., Achen, M., Danzeisen, G., & Kim, S. (2014). Investigation of Listeria, Salmonella, and toxigenic Escherichia coli in various pet foods. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 11(9), 706–709.
Nüesch-Inderbinen, M., Treier, A., Zurfluh, K., & Stephan, R. (2019). Raw meat-based diets for companion animals: a potential source of transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Royal Society Open Science, 6(10).
Oliveira, I., Almeida, M., Gomes, J. J. F., & Henriques, A. R. (2024). Specific Personal Hygiene Procedures and Practices in Food Handlers—A Cross-Sectional Study in Butcher and Fishmonger Shops in Almada. Hygiene, 4(2), 207–220.
Paerunan, A., Sakung, J., & Hamidah. (2018). Analisis Kandungan Bakteri pada Daging Sapi dan Ayam yang Dijual di Pasar Sentral Daya Kota Makassar. Jurnal Kolaboratif Sains, 1(1), 1–11.
Punia Bangar, S., & Whiteside, S. (2024). Effect of retort processing, containers and motion types on digestibility of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) starch. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 59(2), 916–924.
Quiñones, E. M. V., Justiniano, G. Q., Dudley, E. G., M’ikanatha, N., & Malavez, Y. (2025). Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Non-typhoidal Salmonella in Retail Meat in Puerto Rico: A Two-Year Study (2022-2023). Journal of Food Protection, 100589.
Ribeiro-Almeida, M., Mourão, J., Magalhães, M., Freitas, A. R., Novais, C., Peixe, L., & Antunes, P. (2024). Raw meat-based diet for pets: a neglected source of human exposure to Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli clones carrying mcr, Portugal, September 2019 to January 2020. Eurosurveillance, 29(18), 2300561.
Roccato, A., Uyttendaele, M., Cibin, V., Barrucci, F., Cappa, V., Zavagnin, P., Longo, A., Catellani, P., & Ricci, A. (2015). Effects of domestic storage and thawing practices on Salmonella in poultry-based meat preparations. Journal of Food Protection, 78(12), 2117–2125. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-048
Runesvärd, E., Wikström, C., Fernström, L. L., & Hansson, I. (2020). Presence of pathogenic bacteria in faeces from dogs fed raw meat-based diets or dry kibble. Veterinary Record, 187(9), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105644
Russo, N., Candellone, A., Galaverna, D., & Prola, L. (2019). Nucleotide inclusion in pet food: effect of heat treatment and storage. Progress In Nutrition, 21(4), 965–970.
Shrestha, S., Riemann, M., Juneja, V. K., & Mishra, A. (2025). Evaluating the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus During Slow Cooking of Beef and Turkey Formulations from 10 °C to 54.4 °C for an Extended Time. Journal of Food Protection, 88(2), 100445. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100445
Stogdale, L. (2019). One veterinarian’s experience with owners who are feeding raw meat to their pets. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 60(6), 655.
The European Commission. 2011. Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 of 25 February 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and implementing Council Directive 97/78/EC as regards certain samples and items exempt from veterinary checks at the border under Directive. OJEU. 54:1–254.
Umoafia GE, Okoro C. 2018. Effects of freezing and thawing on the microbiological and physicochemical qualities of frozen pork. World J Pharm Med Res. 4(2):169–173.
van Bree, F. P. J., Bokken, G. C. A. M., Mineur, R., Franssen, F., Opsteegh, M., van der Giessen, J. W. B., Lipman, L. J. A., & Overgaauw, P. A. M. (2018). Zoonotic bacteria and parasites found in raw meat‐based diets for cats and dogs. Veterinary Record, 182(2), 50.
Vecchiato, C. G., Schwaiger, K., Biagi, G., & Dobenecker, B. (2022). From nutritional adequacy to hygiene quality: a detailed assessment of commercial raw pet-food for dogs and cats. Animals, 12(18), 2395.
Antunes, P., Novais, C., Peixe, L., & Freitas, A. R. (2024). Pet food safety: emerging bacterial hazards and implications for public health. Current Opinion in Food Science, 57, 101165.
[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2008. SNI 2897:2008 tentang Metode Pengujian Cemaran Mikroba dalam Daging, Telur, dan Susu serta Hasil Olahannya. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia
Cammack, N. R., Yamka, R. M., & Adams, V. J. (2021). Low number of owner-reported suspected transmission of foodborne pathogens from raw meat-based diets fed to dogs and/or cats. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 741575.
Cieza, M. Y. R., Bonsaglia, E. C. R., Rall, V. L. M., Santos, M. V. dos, & Silva, N. C. C. (2024). Staphylococcal enterotoxins: Description and importance in food. Pathogens, 13(8), 676.
Crowley, H., Cagney, C., Sheridan, J. J., Anderson, W., McDowell, D. A., Blair, I. S., Bishop, R. H., & Duffy, G. (2005). Enterobacteriaceae in beef products from retail outlets in the Republic of Ireland and comparison of the presence and counts of E. coli O157:H7 in these products. Food Microbiology, 22(5), 409–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2004.09.013
Custódio, F. B., Theodoro, K. H., & Gloria, M. B. A. (2016). Bioactive amines in fresh beef liver and influence of refrigerated storage and pan-roasting. Food Control, 60, 151–157.
Dainton, A. N. (2021). Preserving nutritional, visual, and functional quality of thermally processed low-acid canned foods for dogs and cats. Kansas State University.
Dainton, A. N., Molnar, L. M., & Aldrich, C. G. (2023). Effects of container type and size on thermal processing characteristics and B-vitamin retention of canned cat food. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1175819.
Davies, R. H., Lawes, J. R., & Wales, A. D. (2019). Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 60(6), 329–339.
Fisher, C. D., Call, D. R., & Omulo, S. (2024). Detection of antibiotic resistant Enterobacterales in commercial raw pet food: a preliminary study. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1294575.
Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M., Heikkilä, T., Pernu, N., Kovanen, S., Hielm-Björkman, A., & Kivistö, R. (2017a). Raw meat-based diets in dogs and cats. Veterinary Sciences, 4(3), 1–9.
Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M., Heikkilä, T., Pernu, N., Kovanen, S., Hielm-Björkman, A., & Kivistö, R. (2017b). Raw meat-based diets in dogs and cats. Veterinary Sciences, 4(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci4030033
Galvão, J. A., Yamatogi, R. S., Souza Junior, L. C. T., Joaquim, J. F., Rodrigues, M. V., Baldini, E. D., & Nogueira Pinto, J. P. de A. (2015). Quality and safety of pet treats: Assessment of the microbial safety and quality of pet treats. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 39(6), 1201–1205.
Hellgren, J., Hästö, L. S., Wikström, C., Fernström, L., & Hansson, I. (2019). Occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae in raw meat‐based diets for dogs. Veterinary Record, 184(14), 442.
Ibrahim, J., Kiramang, K., & Irmawaty, I. (2017). Tingkat Cemaran Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pada Daging Ayam yang Dijual Di Pasar Tradisional Makassar. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Industri Peternakan, 3(3), 169–181.
Jayawardena, S. R., Morton, J. D., Brennan, C. S., & Bekhit, A. E.-D. A. (2019). Utilisation of beef lung protein powder as a functional ingredient to enhance protein and iron content of fresh pasta. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(3), 610–618.
Jimenez, P. S., Bangar, S. P., Suffern, M., & Whiteside, W. S. (2024). Understanding retort processing: A review. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(3), 1545–1563.
Khalil, A. M., Mousa, M. M., & El-Bahy, E. F. (2018). Sanitary Condition of Some Raw Edible Beef Offal. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 59(2).
Kiprotich, S. S., Altom, E., Mason, R., & Aldrich, C. G. (2025). Reconciling the definitions of raw meat-based diets and biologically appropriate raw foods for companion animals: a mini review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 12, 1547953.
Lyu, Y., Wu, C., Li, L., & Pu, J. (2025). Current evidence on raw meat diets in pets: a natural symbol, but a nutritional controversy. Animals, 15(3), 293.
Morgan, G., Pinchbeck, G., Taymaz, E., Chattaway, M. A., Schmidt, V., & Williams, N. (2024). An investigation of the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae in raw and cooked kibble diets for dogs in the United Kingdom. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1301841.
Nemser, S. M., Doran, T., Grabenstein, M., McConnell, T., McGrath, T., Pamboukian, R., Smith, A. C., Achen, M., Danzeisen, G., & Kim, S. (2014). Investigation of Listeria, Salmonella, and toxigenic Escherichia coli in various pet foods. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 11(9), 706–709.
Nüesch-Inderbinen, M., Treier, A., Zurfluh, K., & Stephan, R. (2019). Raw meat-based diets for companion animals: a potential source of transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Royal Society Open Science, 6(10).
Oliveira, I., Almeida, M., Gomes, J. J. F., & Henriques, A. R. (2024). Specific Personal Hygiene Procedures and Practices in Food Handlers—A Cross-Sectional Study in Butcher and Fishmonger Shops in Almada. Hygiene, 4(2), 207–220.
Paerunan, A., Sakung, J., & Hamidah. (2018). Analisis Kandungan Bakteri pada Daging Sapi dan Ayam yang Dijual di Pasar Sentral Daya Kota Makassar. Jurnal Kolaboratif Sains, 1(1), 1–11.
Punia Bangar, S., & Whiteside, S. (2024). Effect of retort processing, containers and motion types on digestibility of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) starch. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 59(2), 916–924.
Quiñones, E. M. V., Justiniano, G. Q., Dudley, E. G., M’ikanatha, N., & Malavez, Y. (2025). Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Non-typhoidal Salmonella in Retail Meat in Puerto Rico: A Two-Year Study (2022-2023). Journal of Food Protection, 100589.
Ribeiro-Almeida, M., Mourão, J., Magalhães, M., Freitas, A. R., Novais, C., Peixe, L., & Antunes, P. (2024). Raw meat-based diet for pets: a neglected source of human exposure to Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli clones carrying mcr, Portugal, September 2019 to January 2020. Eurosurveillance, 29(18), 2300561.
Roccato, A., Uyttendaele, M., Cibin, V., Barrucci, F., Cappa, V., Zavagnin, P., Longo, A., Catellani, P., & Ricci, A. (2015). Effects of domestic storage and thawing practices on Salmonella in poultry-based meat preparations. Journal of Food Protection, 78(12), 2117–2125. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-048
Runesvärd, E., Wikström, C., Fernström, L. L., & Hansson, I. (2020). Presence of pathogenic bacteria in faeces from dogs fed raw meat-based diets or dry kibble. Veterinary Record, 187(9), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105644
Russo, N., Candellone, A., Galaverna, D., & Prola, L. (2019). Nucleotide inclusion in pet food: effect of heat treatment and storage. Progress In Nutrition, 21(4), 965–970.
Shrestha, S., Riemann, M., Juneja, V. K., & Mishra, A. (2025). Evaluating the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus During Slow Cooking of Beef and Turkey Formulations from 10 °C to 54.4 °C for an Extended Time. Journal of Food Protection, 88(2), 100445. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100445
Stogdale, L. (2019). One veterinarian’s experience with owners who are feeding raw meat to their pets. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 60(6), 655.
The European Commission. 2011. Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 of 25 February 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and implementing Council Directive 97/78/EC as regards certain samples and items exempt from veterinary checks at the border under Directive. OJEU. 54:1–254.
Umoafia GE, Okoro C. 2018. Effects of freezing and thawing on the microbiological and physicochemical qualities of frozen pork. World J Pharm Med Res. 4(2):169–173.
van Bree, F. P. J., Bokken, G. C. A. M., Mineur, R., Franssen, F., Opsteegh, M., van der Giessen, J. W. B., Lipman, L. J. A., & Overgaauw, P. A. M. (2018). Zoonotic bacteria and parasites found in raw meat‐based diets for cats and dogs. Veterinary Record, 182(2), 50.
Vecchiato, C. G., Schwaiger, K., Biagi, G., & Dobenecker, B. (2022). From nutritional adequacy to hygiene quality: a detailed assessment of commercial raw pet-food for dogs and cats. Animals, 12(18), 2395.
Published
2026-06-13
How to Cite
Pisestyani, H., Putri, O., Hikmarizky, F., Soviana, S., Lukman, D., Hernadi, H., Alfara, A., & Agun, Y. (2026). Tingkat Keamanan Pakan Hewan Kesayangan Berbahan Dasar Daging Mentah dan Pakan Basah Berdasarkan Jumlah Total Mikrob, Enterobacteriaceae, dan Staphylococcus aureus. JURNAL KAJIAN VETERINER, 14(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.35508/jkv.v14i1.24453
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Articles
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