GROSS PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF AFRICAN SWINE FEVER SUSPECTS IN OEBELO, KUPANG REGENCY, 2021
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Maxs U. E. Sanam(1)
Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universitas Nusa cendana, Indonesia
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Maria Aega Gelolodo(2*)
Department of Veterinary Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, NTT, Indonesia 85001
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Larry R. W. Toha(3)
Department of Veterinary Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, NTT, Indonesia 85001
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Tri Utami(4)
Department of Clinical, Reproductive, Pathology, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, NTT, Indonesia 85001
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Yohanes T. R. M. R. Simarmata(5)
Department of Clinical, Reproductive, Pathology, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, NTT, Indonesia 85001
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Theresia F. I. M. D. Murni(6)
Animal Husbandry Department of Kupang Regency, Kupang Regency, NTT, Kabupaten Kupang, NTT, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Keywords:
African swine fever, virus, pigs, gross pathology, Kupang
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a destructive re-emerging swine disease that has posed a serious economic threat to the global pig farming sector. In past years, ASF has rapidly spread over Europe, Asia, and Oceania, and begin to enter Indonesia in the middle of 2019. The clinical and pathological symptoms of ASF are influenced by the strain's virulence, the transmission pathway, and the pig's immunological and health status. ASF’s clinical manifestations are known to evolve, from after an invasion enters a new free region to after the disease has been established in the territory for a longer period. Identifying ASF clinical signs and pathological changes is crucial for a comprehensive and reliable early detection system. The objective of this research is to observe and identify gross pathology in ASF suspect pigs in order to obtain a better understanding of the cause of death. Two dead pigs from a farm in Oebelo village, Kupang regency, Indonesia with a recent history of massive deaths had been examined in this study. The post-mortem results showed that hemorrhagic splenomegaly and hemorrhagic lymphadenitis were the main lesions observed at the examinations. Furthermore, hemorrhages were also found in various internal organs such as the kidneys, liver, and heart. To determine the exact cause of the pigs' deaths, a molecular diagnostic test should be conducted.
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References
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Zhao, D., Liu, R., Zhang, X., Li, F., Wang, J., Zhang, J., . . . Bu, Z. (2019). Replication and virulence in pigs of the first African swine fever virus isolated in China. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 8(1), 438-447. doi:10.1080/22221751.2019.1590128
Zhou, X., Li, N., Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Miao, F., Chen, T., . . . Hu, R. (2018). Emergence of African Swine Fever in China, 2018. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65(6), 1482-1484. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12989
Blome, S., Franzke, K., & Beer, M. (2020). African swine fever - A review of current knowledge. Virus Res, 287, 198099. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198099
Bosch-Camós, L., López, E., & Rodriguez, F. (2020). African swine fever vaccines: a promising work still in progress. Porcine Health Manag, 6, 17. doi:10.1186/s40813-020-00154-2
Brookes, V. J., Barrett, T. E., Ward, M. P., Roby, J. A., Hernandez-Jover, M., Cross, E. M., . . . Khalfan, S. (2021). A scoping review of African swine fever virus spread between domestic and free-living pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis, 68(5), 2643-2656. doi:10.1111/tbed.13993
Chenais, E., Depner, K., Guberti, V., Dietze, K., Viltrop, A., & Ståhl, K. (2019). Epidemiological considerations on African swine fever in Europe 2014–2018. Porcine Health Management, 5(1), 6. doi:10.1186/s40813-018-0109-2
Costard, S., Mur, L., Lubroth, J., Sanchez-Vizcaino, J. M., & Pfeiffer, D. U. (2013). Epidemiology of African swine fever virus. Virus Research, 173(1), 191-197. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.030
Dharmayanti, N. I., Sendow, I., Ratnawati, A., Settypalli, T. B. K., Saepulloh, M., Dundon, W. G., . . . Lamien, C. E. (2021). African swine fever in North Sumatra and West Java provinces in 2019 and 2020, Indonesia. Transbound Emerg Dis. doi:10.1111/tbed.14070
Dixon, L. K., Stahl, K., Jori, F., Vial, L., & Pfeiffer, D. U. (2020). African Swine Fever Epidemiology and Control. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 8(1), 221-246. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083741
FAO. (2021). ASF situation in Asia and Pacific Update per 2 September 2021. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/ASF/situation_update.html.
Galindo-Cardiel, I., Ballester, M., Solanes, D., Nofrarías, M., López-Soria, S., Argilaguet, J. M., . . . Segalés, J. (2013). Standardization of pathological investigations in the framework of experimental ASFV infections. Virus Research, 173(1), 180-190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.018
Gallardo, C., Sastre, P., Rueda, P., Gerilovych, A. P., Kit, M., Nurmoja, I., & Potier, M. F. L. (2021). 5. Methods for African swine fever diagnosis in clinical and environmental samples. In Understanding and combatting African Swine Fever (pp. 141-160): Wageningen Academic Publishers.
Gallardo, C., Soler, A., Nurmoja, I., Cano‐Gómez, C., Cvetkova, S., Frant, M., . . . Nieto, R. (2021). Dynamics of African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection in domestic pigs infected with virulent, moderate virulent, and attenuated genotype II ASFV European isolates. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.
Gallardo, M. C., Reoyo, A. d. l. T., Fernández-Pinero, J., Iglesias, I., Muñoz, M. J., & Arias, M. L. (2015). African swine fever: a global view of the current challenge. Porcine Health Management, 1(1), 21. doi:10.1186/s40813-015-0013-y
Gaudreault, N. N., Madden, D. W., Wilson, W. C., Trujillo, J. D., & Richt, J. A. (2020). African Swine Fever Virus: An Emerging DNA Arbovirus. Frontiers in veterinary science, 7(215). doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00215
Gelolodo, M. A., Sanam, M. U., Toha, L. R., Widi, A. Y., Simarmata, Y. T., & Murni, T. F. (2021). Histopatologi Limpa dan Limfonodus pada Kasus Lapangan dengan Dugaan Kematian Akibat Virus African Swine Fever Pada Babi di Kabupaten Kupang. Jurnal Kajian Veteriner, 9(2), 62-75.
Gómez-Villamandos, J. C., Bautista, M. J., Sánchez-Cordón, P. J., & Carrasco, L. (2013). Pathology of African swine fever: The role of monocyte-macrophage. Virus Research, 173(1), 140-149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.01.017
Izzati, U. Z., Inanaga, M., Hoa, N. T., Nueangphuet, P., Myint, O., Truong, Q. L., . . . Yamaguchi, R. (2020). Pathological investigation and viral antigen distribution of emerging African swine fever in Vietnam. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.
Kolbasov, D., Titov, I., Tsybanov, S., Gogin, A., & Malogolovkin, A. (2018). African Swine Fever Virus, Siberia, Russia, 2017. Emerging infectious diseases, 24(4), 796-798. doi:10.3201/eid2404.171238
Nga, B. T. T., Tran Anh Dao, B., Nguyen Thi, L., Osaki, M., Kawashima, K., Song, D., . . . Le, V. P. (2020). Clinical and Pathological Study of the First Outbreak Cases of African Swine Fever in Vietnam, 2019. Frontiers in veterinary science, 7(392). doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00392
OIE. (2019). African Swine Fever (Infection with African Swine Fever Virus). In Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (8th ed., pp. 1-8).
OIE. (2021). Follow-up report 3 African swine fever virus (Inf. with), Indonesia. Retrieved from https://wahis.oie.int/#/report-info?reportId=28198.
Rodríguez-Bertos, A., Cadenas-Fernández, E., Rebollada-Merino, A., Porras-González, N., Mayoral-Alegre, F. J., Barreno, L., . . . Sánchez-Vizcaíno, J. M. (2020). Clinical Course and Gross Pathological Findings in Wild Boar Infected with a Highly Virulent Strain of African Swine Fever Virus Genotype II. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 9(9), 688. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/9/688
Salguero, F. J. (2020). Comparative Pathology and Pathogenesis of African Swine Fever Infection in Swine. Frontiers in veterinary science, 7(282). doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00282
Sánchez-Cordón, P. J., Jabbar, T., Chapman, D., Dixon, L. K., & Montoya, M. (2020). Absence of Long-Term Protection in Domestic Pigs Immunized with Attenuated African Swine Fever Virus Isolate OURT88/3 or BeninΔMGF Correlates with Increased Levels of Regulatory T Cells and Interleukin-10. Journal of Virology, 94(14), e00350-00320. doi:10.1128/jvi.00350-20
Sanchez-Cordon, P. J., Montoya, M., Reis, A. L., & Dixon, L. K. (2018). African swine fever: A re-emerging viral disease threatening the global pig industry. Vet J, 233, 41-48. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.025
Sánchez-Cordón, P. J., Vidaña, B., Neimanis, A., Núñez, A., Wikström, E., & Gavier-Widén, D. (2021). Pathology of African swine fever. In L. Iacolina, M.-L. Penrith, S. Bellini, E. Chenais, F. Jori, M. Montoya, K. Ståhl, & D. Gavier-Widén (Eds.), Understanding and combatting African Swine Fever (pp. 87-139): Wageningen Academic Publishers.
Sánchez-Vizcaíno, J. M., Mur, L., Bastos, A. D., & Penrith, M. L. (2015). New insights into the role of ticks in African swine fever epidemiology. Rev Sci Tech, 34(2), 503-511. doi:10.20506/rst.34.2.2375
Sánchez-Vizcaíno, J. M., Mur, L., Gomez-Villamandos, J. C., & Carrasco, L. (2015). An Update on the Epidemiology and Pathology of African Swine Fever. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 152(1), 9-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.09.003
Schulz, K., Staubach, C., & Blome, S. (2017). African and classical swine fever: similarities, differences and epidemiological consequences. Veterinary research, 48(1), 84-84. doi:10.1186/s13567-017-0490-x
Urbano, A. C., Forth, J. H., Olesen, A., Dixon, L., Rasmussen, T. B., Cackett, G., . . . Ferreira, F. (2021). African swine fever virus: cellular and molecular aspects. In L. Lacolina, M. L. Penrith, S. Bellini, E. Chenais, F. Jori, M. Montoya, K. Ståhl, & D. Gavier-Widén (Eds.), Understanding and combatting African Swine Fever (pp. 25-61). Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
Viltrop, A., Boinas, F., Depner, K., Jori, F., Kolbasov, D., Laddomada, A., . . . Chenais, E. (2021). African swine fever epidemiology, surveillance, and control. In L. Lacolina, M. L. Penrith, S. Bellini, E. Chenais, F. Jori, M. Montoya, K. Ståhl, & D. Gavier-Widén (Eds.), Understanding and combatting African Swine Fever (pp. 229-261): Wageningen Academic Publishers.
Yamada, M., Masujin, K., Kameyama, K.-I., Yamazoe, R., Kubo, T., Iwata, K., . . . Yamakawa, M. (2021). Experimental infection of pigs with different doses of the African swine fever virus Armenia 07 strain by intramuscular injection and direct contact. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 82(12), 1835-1845. doi:10.1292/jvms.20-0378
Zhao, D., Liu, R., Zhang, X., Li, F., Wang, J., Zhang, J., . . . Bu, Z. (2019). Replication and virulence in pigs of the first African swine fever virus isolated in China. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 8(1), 438-447. doi:10.1080/22221751.2019.1590128
Zhou, X., Li, N., Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Miao, F., Chen, T., . . . Hu, R. (2018). Emergence of African Swine Fever in China, 2018. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65(6), 1482-1484. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12989
Published
2022-08-03
How to Cite
Sanam, M., Gelolodo, M., Toha, L., Utami, T., Simarmata, Y., & Murni, T. (2022). GROSS PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF AFRICAN SWINE FEVER SUSPECTS IN OEBELO, KUPANG REGENCY, 2021. JURNAL KAJIAN VETERINER, 9(3), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.35508/jkv.v9i3.7869
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