Buletin Ilmiah IMPAS

THE ROLE OF FARMERS' GROUPS IN RICE FARMING IN WEHALI VILLAGE, MALAKA TENGAH DISTRICT, MALAKA REGENCY

Agustina Nahak — 2026-07-03

Lowland rice farming in Wehali Village, Central Malaka District, Malaka Regency, still faces various problems, including low productivity, limited farmers’ knowledge and skills, weak access to capital and technology, and the suboptimal role of farmer groups in supporting farming activities. In fact, farmer groups have a strategic role as learning classes, cooperation forums, and production and marketing units in improving the performance of lowland rice farming. This study aims (1) to identify the characteristics of lowland rice farming, (2) to analyze the role of farmer groups in lowland rice farming, and (3) to determine the factors related to the role of farmer groups in Wehali Village. The study was conducted in May 2025 using a survey method. The research location and respondents were determined through purposive sampling involving three active farmer groups with a total of 60 farmer respondents. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and questionnaires, and analyzed descriptively. The results show that (1) the characteristics of lowland rice farming in Wehali Village are dominated by farmers with relatively small landholdings and low levels of education; (2) the role of farmer groups is generally categorized as moderately effective, particularly as learning classes and cooperation forums, while their role as production and marketing units has not been optimally implemented; and (3) factors related to the role of farmer groups include education level, farming experience, and farmer participation in group activities. The conclusion of this study indicates that strengthening the role of farmer groups through improved extension services, training programs, and cooperation with relevant stakeholders is necessary to enhance the productivity and sustainability of lowland rice farming in Wehali Village.

THE SORGHUM MARKETING SYSTEM IN KAWALELO VILLAGE, DEMON PAGONG SUBDISTRICT, EAST FLORES REGENCY

Angelika Surat Larimanu — 2026-07-03

The marketing system of sorghum commodities plays an important role in improving farmers’ welfare, especially in areas where sorghum is considered a leading commodity. This study aims to identify the various constraints faced by farmers in marketing their sorghum production and to analyze the marketing system using the Structure, Conduct, and Performance (SCP) approach in Kawalelo Village, Demon Pagong District, East Flores Regency. The method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive approach with a survey technique involving 58 respondents consisting of farmers and marketing institutions. Data were collected through interviews, field observations, and documentation.

The results show that sorghum production has increased from year to year; however, this increase has not been accompanied by an optimal marketing system. The existing marketing channels involve several actors, namely farmers, collectors, and retailers. The marketing functions carried out include buying, selling, transportation, and storage activities. The main constraints faced by farmers include limited access to markets, high dependence on intermediaries, and the relatively simple marketing system applied. In addition, the high marketing margins and the low share of prices received by farmers (farmer’s share) result in relatively low farmer income. Therefore, the sorghum marketing system in the study area is considered inefficient and requires improvements, such as strengthening farmer institutions, expanding market access, and increasing efficiency in the marketing chain.

THE INFLUENCE OF FARMERS' SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND INCOME OF MUNG BEAN FARMING IN WEWIKU DISTRICT, MALAKA REGENCY

Anggita Natalia Talomanafe — 2026-07-03

This study held in Weoe Village, District Wewiku, Malaka Regency. Research This aim For analyze size productivity, income, and influence factor social economy farmer to productivity farming peanut green. The research method used is method survey with determination location by purposive sampling and determination respondents use simple random sampling method. Data collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and documentation, then analyzed use analysis productivity, income, and multiple linear regression. Research results show that the average productivity farming peanut green in the area study not optimal between farmer that is around 887kg/ha, condition This show that productivity in the region study influenced by several things, such as Not yet existence use fertilizer, control pests and diseases that still exist limited, limitations seed superior, and technique cultivation that is still depends on the method traditional. Average income farming peanut green namely Rp.6,665,795, obtained from difference between total revenue of Rp. 7,995,837 and total costs production issued by farmers in One season planting Rp. 1.330,058. Analysis results multiple linear regression show that factor social economy farmer in a way simultaneous influential to productivity and income farming peanut green, whereas in a way partial there is a number of influential variables real and some variables other No influential real to productivity and income. With Thus, the increase productivity and income farming peanut green can done through management factor more optimal production and improvement knowledge and skills farmer in activity farming.

MARKETING ANALYSIS OF BANANA CHIPS (Case Study of Mindari MSMEs in Noelbaki Village, Kupang Tengah District, Kupang Regency)

Erni Djawa — 2026-07-03

This study aims to analyze marketing channels, marketing margins, and marketing efficiency of banana chips produced by UMKM Mindari in Noelbaki Village, Central Kupang District, Kupang Regency. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed, using primary data collected through observations, interviews, and questionnaires distributed to 50 respondents, as well as secondary data obtained from the enterprise’s sales records. The analysis focused on identifying marketing channel structures, marketing costs and margins, and the level of marketing efficiency. The results reveal two marketing channels, namely a direct channel from producers to consumers and an indirect channel involving retailers. The direct channel generates no marketing margin because the entire price paid by consumers is received by producers, indicating a highly efficient marketing system. In contrast, the indirect channel produces a marketing margin of IDR 5,000 per package, equivalent to 20% of the consumer price, with producers receiving 80% of the final price. The marketing efficiency value of the indirect channel is 8.5%, suggesting that this channel is still considered reasonably efficient. Overall, the findings indicate that the direct marketing channel is the most efficient and provides greater benefits for producers. These results imply that strengthening direct marketing strategies while maintaining indirect channels can enhance market coverage, competitiveness, and income sustainability for small and medium-sized agro-processing enterprises.

THE ROLE OF EXTENSION WORKERS IN INCREASING FARMERS' INCOME THROUGH THE INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK-FORESTRY (ICLF) SYSTEM IN SASITA MEAN DISTRICT, MALAKA REGENCY

Fransiskus Ano Daristan — 2026-07-03

This study aims to (1) determine the role of agricultural extension workers in the implementation of the Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forestry (ICLF) system, and (2) analyze the level of farmers’ income through the implementation of the ICLF system in Sasitamean Subdistrict, Malaka Regency. The ICLF system is an integrated agricultural system that combines crops, livestock, and forestry into a single farming enterprise to improve land efficiency and farmers’ income. This study employed a survey method using a quantitative descriptive approach. The study population consisted of all 70 farmers implementing the ICLF system, with a sample of 35 farmers selected using snowball sampling. The data used included primary data obtained through interviews and questionnaires, as well as secondary data from relevant agencies. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis and income analysis. The results of the study indicate that the role of agricultural extension workers in the implementation of the ICLF system is considered good, with an average score of 3.50 or an achievement level of 70.1%. Most respondents (77.14%) stated that the extension workers played a good role. The average total annual income for farmers was Rp 43,162,856, with average annual production costs of Rp 11,247,051, resulting in an average annual income of Rp 31,915,805. Thus, it can be concluded that the role of extension workers is crucial in supporting the implementation of the ICLF system, and this system has proven.

POTENTIAL FOR AGRO-TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN NGGORANG VILLAGE, KOMODO DISTRICT, MANGGARAI BARAT REGENCY WITH A SYSTEM DYNAMIC APPROACH

Gabriela T. S. Hadia — 2026-07-03

This research was conducted in Nggorang Village, Komodo District, Manggarai Regency for one month (January-February). The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of Labuan Bajo tourism on agro-tourism development, agro-tourism potential, commodities that can be developed as agro-tourism and agro-tourism development models in Nggorang Village, Komodo District, West Manggarai Regency and the direction of agro-tourism development in Nggorang village with a dynamic system approach. To achieve the research objectives, there are two analytical methods used, namely Multiple Linear Analysis to determine the Effect of Labuan Bajo Tourism on Agrotourism Development in Nggorang Village and Dynamic Systems to determine the Potential for Agro-tourism Development, Commodities that can be developed as Agro-tourism, Agro-tourism Development Models, Directions for Agro-tourism Development in Nggorang village.

Based on the results of the study using multiple linear regression analysis, namely the influence of Labuan Bajo tourism, namely the number of tourist objects, tourist visits, and the availability of agricultural commodities in Agrotourism Development in Nggorang Village. Meanwhile, based on the dynamic system analysis, it shows that there are links and interactions between the components of attractions, facilities, infrastructure, transportation, hospitality towards the direction of agro-tourism development in Nggorang Village. From the results of the system analysis of 5 (five) components, it is found that the facilities and transportation components have a very increasing percentage level until 2030. less than 10%, this means that the dynamic system model in this study is valid and acceptable.

THE ROLE OF P4S PERMATA HIJAU IN INCREASING HORTICULTURAL FARMERS' PRODUCTION AND INCOME IN NOELBAKI VILLAGE, CENTRAL KUPANG DISTRICT, KUPANG REGENCY

Katarina Desi — 2026-07-03

Pusat Pelatihan Pertanian dan Perdesaan Swadaya (P4S/The Self-Help Agricultural and Rural Training Center) is a farmer-based institution that plays a role in improving farmers' capacity, production, and income. This study aims to analyze the role of P4S Permata Hijau as a facilitator and mediator, calculate horticultural farm income, and examine the relationship between the role of P4S and farmers' production and income in Noelbaki Village, Central Kupang District, Kupang Regency. The research method used was descriptive quantitative with a census technique involving 33 farmer members of P4S. Data were analyzed using a Likert scale, farm income analysis, and the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results show that the role of P4S Permata Hijau is categorized as highly influential, with a score of 83.84%. Horticultural farming, including chili, tomato, watermelon, and melon, generates high income and is feasible to develop, with chili being the most profitable commodity. The correlation test indicates that the facilitator role has a very strong and significant positive relationship with production and income (rs = 0.819; Sig. < 0.05), while the mediator role has a strong and significant positive relationship (rs = 0.626; Sig. < 0.05). In conclusion, P4S Permata Hijau plays an important role in increasing farmers' production and income and supports the development of more productive and sustainable horticultural farming.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON CORN FARMERS' INCOME (Sama Rasa Farmers Group in Oesao Subdistrict, East Kupang District, Kupang Regency)

Letetia Rosario G Udjan — 2026-07-03

This study aims to: 1) Determine the income of corn farmers, 2) Determine the influence of socio-economic factors on the income of corn farmers in the Sama Rasa Farmers Group, Oesao Village, East Kupang Sub-district, Kupang Regency. The location was deliberately (purposively) chosen in Oesao Village, East Kupang Sub-district, Kupang Regency. The population consists of 36 farmers. The sample was determined using the total sampling technique, resulting in a sample of 36 farmers. The type of data used is quantitative data with income analysis and multiple linear regression analysis to answer the influence of socio-economic factors on corn income. The results of the study showed that the average corn production per farmer was 1,406.2 kg and the average production per hectare was 1,181.4 kg. The average income per corn farmer was IDR 7,469,372 and the average income per hectare was IDR 63,753,208. Of the seven socio-economic factors, there are four socio-economic factors that are It has a very significant effect on corn income, namely land area, capital, labor, and education level. Meanwhile, the three variables that do not have a significant effect on corn income are age, family dependents, and marital status. The agricultural sector has a very important and strategic role in providing staple food and employment opportunities, and it also becomes a driver for economic growth for the community, especially in the Oesao Sub-district of Kupang Regency. In East Kupang Regency, Oesao Sub-district is one of the areas that produces a substantial amount of corn, considering that this area has a climate, type of soil, and land area suitable for this crop. The goal of development is not only to increase income. Efforts to increase income are very important but do not occur independently.

PRODUCTIVITY, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, AND MARKETING PROFITABILITY OF GREEN BEANS IN WEOE VILLAGE, WEWIKU DISTRICT, MALAKA

Maria Gabriela Asela — 2026-07-03

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) farming is a food commodity that plays a crucial role as a source of vegetable protein and a source of income for farmers in rural areas. In Weoe Village, Wewiku District, Malaka Regency, mung beans have been cultivated for generations, but their development still faces various obstacles, such as low productivity, an inefficient marketing distribution system, and suboptimal marketing profitability. This study aims to determine the productivity level of mung bean farming, analyze the marketing distribution system, and determine the level of marketing profitability of mung bean in Weoe Village, Wewiku District, Malaka Regency. This research was conducted in Weoe Village, Wewiku District, Malaka Regency from September to October 2025. The research method used was descriptive quantitative with a survey technique. Respondents were selected using simple random sampling of 60 mung bean farmers. The data used consisted of primary and secondary data obtained through observation, interviews, documentation, and literature review. Data analysis was conducted using productivity analysis, marketing margin analysis, farmer's share, marketing efficiency, marketing profitability, and Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C Ratio) analysis. The results show that mung bean farming productivity in Weoe Village is still relatively low and varies among farmers. The mung bean marketing distribution system involves several marketing institutions, including village collectors, sub-district retailers, district retailers, and wholesalers, resulting in a long marketing chain and relatively high marketing margins. The farmer's share received by farmers was 66.6%, indicating that farmers can still increase their share of the price through improvements to shorter and more efficient marketing channels. Overall, the mung bean marketing business remains profitable and viable, but marketing efficiency needs to be improved to sustainably increase the income and welfare of mung bean farmers.

INCOME ANALYSIS OF WATER SWEETENER FARMING IN PENKASE - OELETA VILLAGE, ALAK DISTRICT, KUPANG CITY (CASE STUDY OF EL LABORA FARMING GROUP)

Matelda Febiati Olivia Ello — 2026-07-03

This research has been conducted at the El Labora Farmers Group in Penkase - Oeleta Village, Alak District, Kupang City from April 2025 until completion. The purpose of this study was to determine the income of kale farming in the El Labora Farmers Group in Penkase - Oeleta Village, Alak District, Kupang City to find out the feasibility of kale farming in the El Labora Farmers Group in Penkase - Oeleta Village. The research location is Penkase - Oeleta Village, Alak District, Kupang City, which was done intentionally because the location is one of the centers of kale production. The determination of respondents in this study was carried out saturated, meaning that all members of the population were used as respondents. In this case, the population in question is kale farmers who are members of the El Labora Farmers Group in Penkase - Oeleta Village, Alak District, Kupang City, which totals 20 people. The results of the study showed that the average income of kale farmers was Rp. 221. 771 per month. The feasibility of water spinach farming in the El Labora Farmers Group in Penkase-Oeleta Village is indicated by the R/C ratio of 1.80. This value means that every Rp1.00 spent can generate revenue of Rp1.80. Thus, water spinach farming is declared feasible because it provides benefits to farmers.

THE INFLUENCE OF COMMUNICATION PATTERNS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE MAJU BERSAMA FARMER GROUP IN MANUSAK VILLAGE, KUPANG REGENCY

Novilma Maryeci Duka — 2026-07-03

This study aimed to analyze the communication patterns applied in the Maju Bersama Farmer Group and to identify the factors within communication patterns that influence farmer group performance. The research was conducted in September 2025 using a survey method involving 22 members of the Maju Bersama Farmer Group. Data were collected through interviews using questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained from the Manusak Village Office. The sampling technique used was saturated sampling. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that the communication pattern implemented in the Maju Bersama Farmer Group takes place through two-way communication, regular meetings, and informal communication. The group uses both Indonesian and local languages. Overall, communication runs fairly well, although it still needs to be improved to become more optimal. The regression analysis shows that communication patterns simultaneously have a significant effect on farmer group performance, with a contribution of 69.39%. Partially, communication frequency has a positive and significant effect, communication channels have a positive but insignificant effect, and communication effectiveness is the most dominant factor with a significant influence on farmer group performance in Naibonat Subdistrict.

ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS PROFIT LEVEL AND PROCESSING PRODUCTION ELASTICITY AT CV. AMFOANG JAYA IN SIKUMANA VILLAGE, MAULAFA DISTRICT, KUPANG CITY

Yosefiano Triantoro Hamu — 2026-07-03

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing production, business profitability, and production elasticity in a honey processing business at CV. Amfoang Jaya, Sikumana Village, Maulafa District, Kupang City. The research method used was a case study with a quantitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and documentation, then analyzed using business profit analysis and the Cobb-Douglas production function in natural logarithm form.The results showed that capital, labor, raw materials, and demand simultaneously significantly influenced honey production, with a significance value of 0.003 (<0.05) and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.877. Partially, raw materials and demand had a positive and significant effect on production, while capital and labor did not. The average total business revenue was Rp30,430,000 per month, with total costs of Rp16,800,361 per month, resulting in an average profit of Rp13,629,639 per month. The business profit level reached 81.13%, which is considered high. Maximum profit analysis indicates that optimal production is achieved at an output level of 185,000 ml per month. The results of the production elasticity analysis indicate that all input variables are inelastic, with a total elasticity of 0.688, indicating decreasing returns to scale. Therefore, CV. Amfoang Jaya's honey processing business is considered profitable, but increasing production is more effective through efficient use of production factors, particularly raw materials.

INCOME AND EFFICIENCY OF KASTURI VOOR OOGST TOBACCO FARMING IN BANYUGLUGUR DISTRICT, SITUBONDO REGENCY

Agus Supriono — 2026-07-03

Kasturi Voor Oogst tobacco produced in Banyuglugur District, Situbondo Regency, is widely recognized for its excellent quality, making it relatively preferred by several tobacco supplier companies that provide raw tobacco material for cigarette factories in Indonesia. However, annual production has tended to decline continuously. Therefore, it is important to examine the actual income and efficiency of Kasturi Voor Oogst tobacco farming. It is also necessary to determine the condition of farming income and efficiency under possible changes, namely declining production, decreasing product prices, and increasing production costs. The analytical approaches used in this study were farm income analysis (π), R/C ratio analysis, and sensitivity analysis. The results show that Kasturi Voor Oogst tobacco farming is profitable and efficient, both for farmers who enter into partnership cooperation with tobacco supplier companies and for farmers who do not. When a decline in production and output prices of up to 15%, as well as an increase in production costs of up to 15%, are taken into account, farming remains profitable and efficient.

PRINCIPLES OF CALCULATION IN FARM BUSINESS ANALYSIS: FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES

Agus Supriono — 2026-07-03

Farm business analysis is an analytical approach used to examine the extent to which returns from a farming enterprise can be obtained from the costs sacrificed in the relevant farm business. There are two types of farm business analysis, namely: (a) financial analysis or private analysis and (b) economic analysis. In both financial and economic farm business analysis, the calculation does not only include actual costs or explicit costs, but also notional costs or implicit costs. In financial analysis, the estimated values of costs and revenues are based on the prevailing local real prices. In economic analysis, however, the estimated values of costs and revenues are based on shadow prices. Shadow prices are prices that would prevail in a perfectly competitive market. In this regard, it is important to study comprehensively the principles of calculation used to estimate costs and revenues in farm business analysis, both from financial and economic perspectives. This scientific article aims to provide a comprehensive explanation of these calculation principles.

DETERMINANTS OF FARM INCOME AND COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF CALIFORNIA VS THAILAND PAPAYA CULTIVATION: A STUDY ON SMALLHOLDER FARMERS

Sarifatun Nabila — 2026-07-03

Papaya is one of the leading horticultural commodities in Indonesia, with California papaya and Thailand papaya being the two most widely cultivated and marketed varieties. This study aimed to analyze and compare the factors affecting farmers' income from California papaya and Thailand papaya farming in Mumbulsari District, Jember Regency. The research employed a quantitative approach using a survey method. Data were collected from 140 respondents consisting of 70 California papaya farmers and 70 Thailand papaya farmers selected through simple random sampling. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the factors influencing farmers' income. The independent variables analyzed included production, selling price, seedlings, farming costs, education, and harvested area. The results showed that for California papaya farming, production, selling price, seedlings, and education had positive effects on income, whereas farming costs and harvested area had negative effects. However, none of these variables had a significant partial effect on income. The coefficient of determination (R²) indicated that only 20.7% of income variation could be explained by the variables included in the model. In contrast, for Thailand papaya farming, selling price and education positively affected income, while seedlings, farming costs, and harvested area had negative effects. Production, selling price, farming costs, and education significantly influenced income, with an R² value of 99.2%, indicating that nearly all income variation was explained by the variables analyzed. Simultaneously, all independent variables significantly affected farmers' income in both farming systems. The study concludes that the determinants of income differ between California and Thailand papaya farming, with Thailand papaya income being more strongly influenced by the analyzed variables than California papaya income.