SPARKLE Journal of Language, Education, and Culture

CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD KINSHIP SYSTEM AS IDENTITY MARKER OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN MANGGARAI SOCIETY

Fransiskus Bustan — 2025-12-23

This study explores characteristics of blood kinship system as identity marker of social organization in Manggarai society in view of social anthropology. The study is descriptive in nature as describes the characteristics of kinship system as the identity marker of social organization in Manggarai society on the basis of cultural conceptualizations ascribed in their cognitive map as the frames of reference. The methods of data collection were observation, interview, and documentary study. The techiques of data collection were recording, elicitation, and note-taking. The data were analyzed qualitatively by inductive method. The results of study show that the system of blood kinship as the identity marker of social organization in Manggarai society is known as wa’u in Manggarai language which refers to a patrilineal-genealogic clan established on basis of blood ties traced along with father’s lineage and the origin structure of the same ancestors as the origin structure. While the specific characteristics of the wa’u are also marked by such cultural properties as the mbaru gendang as the origin house of the wa’u designating its existence as house-based community, the lingko randang as communal agricultural land belonging the wa’u, the beo as unilocal settlement unit of the wa’u, and the belief of the ireng as a kind of totem. The characteristics of blood kinship system affects not only the social structure of the wa’u as a patrilineal-genealogic clan, but also the social lives of the wa’u as a patrilineal-genealogic clan as a whole.

Linguistic Aspects and Violations of Grice's Cooperative Principle in Indonesian Comic Strip Humor

Reyneldis B. Fernandez — 2025-12-23

The linguistic aspects and violations of Grice's cooperative principle have an important portion and role in constructing humorous discourse in Indonesian comic strips. Space limitations and the use of visual forms are one of the unique characteristics of Indonesian comic strip humour. The characteristics of short conversations and the appearance of supporting writing, symbols, and images are common forms of humour in Indonesian comic strips. The use of conflicting meanings between expected and intended meanings is an important element in constructing humorous discourse in Indonesian comic strips. This study supports Wijana's (2004) statement regarding differences or conflicting meanings as elements of humorous discourse. This study found that there are linguistic aspects in the form of orthographic, phonological, graphological, morphological, ambiguity, euphemism, and hyperbole in Indonesian comic strip humour. The violations of Grice's cooperative principle found in comic strip humour are violations of the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner.

AN ANALYSIS OF INTERJECTION USED IN “BLACKSUN”

Frederika Rut Mabilehi — 2025-12-23

This study presents about an analysis of interjection used in “Blacksun” webtoon. The problems of this study are: (1) What are the interjection forms in “BlackSun” Webtoon? and (2) What are the meanings of the interjection in “BlackSun” Webtoon? The study aims at finding out the form of interjection that appears in “BlackSun” Webtoon and analyzing the meaning of interjection in “BlackSun” Webtoon. This study uses the qualitative descriptive method to analyze the data, where reading and note-taking as the techniques being used to collect the data. Data analysis techniques were grouping the interjection words and analyzing the meaning of each interjection word that had been recorded before by using Jovanovic's theory. The result of this study showed that there are 147 examples of forms of interjection consisting of 85 example instances of interjection forms of one or two syllable segments and 62 example of interjection forms as parts of speech. This study also found that there are 76 example of interjections that contains meaning which are 13 meanings of anger, 2 meanings of annoyance, 2 meanings of approval, 7 meanings of contempt, 1 meanings of disgust, 7 meaning of fear, 7 meaning of joy, 14 meaning of pain, 1 meaning of pity, 2 meaning of relief, 19 meaning of surprise and 1 meaning of wonder words.

An Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing in the Dialogues of the Film “My Stupid Boss 2”

Maria I. Riti — 2025-12-23

This study investigates the phenomenon of code switching and code mixing within the dialogues of the Indonesian film "My Stupid Boss 2." Employing a descriptive-qualitative research design. Poplack's (1980) theory is utilized to classify types of code switching, while Hoffmann's (1991) framework is applied for analyzing types of code mixing and the motivations behind both phenomena. The findings reveal that all three types of code switching proposed by Poplack are present in the film's dialogues: inter-sentential (14 instances), intra-sentential (8 instances), and tag switching (3 instances). Inter-sentential code switching is identified as the most dominant type. Similarly, all three types of code mixing categorized by Hoffmann are observed: intra-sentential mixing (23 instances), intra-lexical mixing (7 instances), and mixing involving a change of pronunciation (1 instance), with intra-sentential mixing being the most prevalent. Furthermore, the research identifies six reasons for the characters' use of code switching and code mixing, aligning with Hoffmann's theory: talking about a particular topic (22 instances), quoting somebody else (2 instances), being emphatic about something (19 instances), interjection (4 instances), repetition for clarification (4 instances), and intention of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor (5 instances). The most frequently observed reasons are "talking about a particular topic" and "being empathetic about something." This study concludes that code switching and code mixing in “My Stupid Boss 2” are not random but serve various communicative purposes, reflecting the characters' linguistic competence, interactional goals, and the diverse social context portrayed in the film.

Metaphorical Symbols of Animals as Cultural Attributes of Wife-Giver and Wife-Taker in Affinal kinship of Manggarai Society

Fransiskus Bustan — 2025-12-23

This study describes animal metaphorical symbols as cultural attributes of wife-giver and wife-taker in affinal kinship of Manggarai society. The study is descriptive-qualitative. The study is viewed from the perspective of cultural linguistics, one the new theoretical perspectives in cognitive linguistics exploring the relationship of language, culture, and conceptualization. The animal metaphorical symbols are reflected in linguistic phenomena used in the cultural discourse of marriage in Manggarai language, as seen in the following fragment: Eme ela, ela muing, eme manuk, manuk muing. Neka ela ngong manuk, neka manuk ngong ela ‘If it is a pig, it must be a real pig, if it is a chicken, it must be a real chicken. Don’t say a pig if it is a chicken, don’t say a chicken if it is a pig’. The forms and meanings of linguistic phenomena are specific to Manggarai culture designating animal metaphorical symbols as cultural attributes of wife-giver and wife-taker in affinal kinship of Manggarai society. The kinds of animals used symbols are ela ‘pig’ as cultural attribute of the anak-rona as wife-giver and manuk ‘chicken’ as cultural attribute of the anak-wina as wife-taker. The meanings designate customary norms inherited from their ancestors that prohibit the sons of the anak-rona as wife-giver to get married with the girls of the anak-wina as wife-taker. The marriage of opposite direction is incest because it violates customary norms inherited from their ancestors. The animal metaphorical symbols are moral and ethical guidelines for Manggarai society to maintain harmonious relationship of affinal kinship and to enhance the stability of social system as a whole.

Textual and Contextual Meanings of Peni and Nogo Folklore in Lembata Language

Rosa Delima Rosari Buti Kotan — 2025-12-23

Peni and Nogo is a legend of the Lamatuka people that has been passed down through generations within the local community. This folklore contains many messages that are not only explicit but also implicit. The objective of this research is to examine the textual and contextual meanings contained in the folklore of Peni and Nogo. This qualitative descriptive research used an ethnolinguistic approach to understand to understand the messages conveyed in Peni and Nogo folklore. The data source for this research is the folklore book of Peni and Nogo written by Gerady Tukan. The technique to collect the data is by reading the entire text, identifying the meanings contained in the story, and presenting the data descriptively. The researcher used triangulation techniques to keep the validity of the data. The results show that the textual meaning within the Peni and Nogo folklore gives a literal meaning of a triangular love story between two siblings and a young man named Demon. This narrative is framed by jealousy that triggers slander, and exile, involving the authority of social structures and the community's spiritual beliefs. Death is chosen as a means to resolve the conflict in this story. This was identified by the researcher through six lexical items found in the text, namely suanggi, the village head, Berawang, Lera Wulan Tanah Ekan, kebaku and the phrase ‘eyes closing forever’.The realization of these elements is also embedded in extralinguistic contexts involving people, situations, purposes, and places that reveal historical, social, political, religious, and educational meanings related to community life. Social and religious meaning are the dominant contexts in this story.

An Analysis of Flouting Maxims and the Impact on the Storyline in the Animated Movie “Hotel Transylvania 1”

Raisa Eka Putri — 2025-12-23

Flouting maxims is a concept introduced by H.P. Grice to describe situations when someone intentionally does not follow one of the principles in the Cooperative Principle. This phenomenon is not only found in everyday conversation but also appears in film dialogues, such as in Hotel Transylvania 1. This research aims to describe instances of the maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner being flouted and analyze the impact on the development of the film's storyline. A descriptive qualitative method was used, with data taken from dialogues between characters in the movie. The results showed 25 cases in total: 4 flouting Maxim of Quantity, 12 flouting Maxim of Quality, 6 flouting Maxim of Relation, and 4 flouting Maxim of Manner. These instances of flouting not only function as linguistic features but also support the storyline based on Freytag’s Pyramid structure. In the exposition, flouting introduces characters and their relationships; in the rising action, it builds tension and conflict; in the climax, it reflects emotional shifts; in the falling action, it helps repair character relationships; and in the resolution, it conveys implied meanings. The conclusion drawn is that flouting of cooperative principles in the characters' dialogues contributes significantly to the development of the storyline in Hotel Transylvania.

Gender Stereotypes: Masculine & Feminine Traits Represented by Mulan in Mulan Movie Launched in 2020

Lucia Filianes Funan Lamba — 2025-12-23

This study investigates the representation of gender stereotypes through the characterization of Hua Mulan in Disney’s live-action film Mulan (2020). It aims to identify and analyze both masculine and feminine traits displayed by the protagonist and explore how these traits reflect or challenge traditional gender norms. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the research is grounded in the gender stereotype frameworks proposed by Brannon (2016), Copenhaver (2002), and Evans & Davies (2009). The analysis also utilizes the characterization theory by Boggs and Petrie (2008), focusing on five cinematic techniques: appearance, dialogue, external action, internal action, and reactions of other characters. The findings reveal that Mulan exhibits six masculine-coded traits such as assertiveness, bravery, risk-taking, independence, leadership, and strategic thinking; and three feminine-coded traits such as emotional expression, nurturing, and empathy. The masculine traits are more dominant, suggesting a shift away from conventional portrayals of female characters. Nevertheless, the presence of feminine traits presents Mulan as a multidimensional figure, one who embodies both strength and sensitivity. Through her development, Mulan evolves from a constrained and misunderstood daughter into a self-actualized warrior, defying gender expectations and affirming that courage, empathy, and leadership are not confined to a specific gender. The study concludes that Mulan (launched in 2020) offers a progressive depiction of femininity that challenges rigid gender binaries, promoting a more inclusive vision of heroism and identity in modern cinema.

Influencing Factors in Comprehending Pronoun Reference in Narrative Text faced by First Grade Students of SMP N 6 Nekamese

Rezany Seger — 2025-12-23

This study aims to find out the influencing factors in comprehending pronoun reference in narrative text that are faced by the first-grade students of SMPN 6 NEKAMESE and to know the ability of the students to comprehend pronoun references. The research method used in this research was the qualitative-quantitative research method (mixed method). The population of this research was 44 students (<100) from the seventh-grade students of SMP N 6 NEKAMESE. The sample of this research was 22 students taken by using simple random sampling. Techniques used to collect the data were interviews and tests. Students who participated in the interview were all of the students from class A of seventh-grade students of SMPN 6 NEKAMESE. The result of the interview was used to get qualitative data to answer the first research question. The quantitative data obtained from the result of the test were analyzed to know the level of the ability of the students to comprehend pronoun references in narrative text. The findings revealed that:(1) The influencing students’ factors in comprehending pronoun reference in narrative text were caused by a lack of knowledge of pronoun reference and narrative text, limited vocabulary, lack of interest and motivation and lack of a supportive environment. (2) Students' ability to comprehend pronoun reference in the narrative text was at the level of fail with a mean score of 42.95

Traditional Expressions of Social Harmony in Manggarai Society: A Cultural Linguistic Analysis

Andreas Wanggar Semiu — 2025-12-23

This study explores traditional expressions (go’et) in the Manggarai speech community as linguistic manifestations of social harmony. Using the framework of Cultural Linguistics (Sharifian, 2011; 2017), this research investigates how these oral expressions encode collective cultural conceptualizations such as cultural schemas, metaphors, and categories. The data were collected from Pinggang Village, Cibal District, through interviews, observation, and documentation, involving ten traditional expressions commonly used in social interactions. The findings show that these go’et reflect deeply rooted values of unity, mutual respect within kinship, peaceful conflict resolution, and collective identity. Each expression exhibits rich linguistic forms including parallelism, metaphor, and symbolic imagery, while also functioning as tools for moral instruction, cultural preservation, and social regulation. The analysis reveals that language in Manggarai society is not only a medium of communication but also a repository of communal ethics and social harmony. This research contributes to the understanding of how traditional linguistic expressions function as carriers of cultural knowledge and moral guidance in indigenous communities.

Indonesian Values Found in 2023 Movie “Elemental: Forces of Nature” Directed by Peter Sohn

Ida Carolina Sa'u — 2025-12-23

This research aimed to find out educational values of the 2023 movie “Elemental: Forces of Nature” directed by Peter Sohn. The problem of the research to be answered is what are the educational values of the 2023 movie "Elemental: Forces of Nature” directed by Peter Sohn. The method used in this research is a qualitative method. The data were gathered through documentary technique. The results of data analysis show that there are 10 values represented in the movie i.e. religion, honesty, tolerance, discipline, hard work, creativity, independence, curiosity, friendliness, and responsibility. The study highlights specific sentences that convey these values, emphasizing their role in shaping educational values and ethical understanding. By examining these elements through a heuristic and hermeneutic approach, this research contributes to the understanding of education value in animated movies and their impact on audiences, especially for readers, teachers and students.

An Analysis of English Teacher Strategies in Teaching Reading Comprehension at SMAN 12 Kota Kupang in the Academic Year 2023/2024

Cornelia Solukh — 2025-12-23

This study aims to know the strategies used by English teachers in teaching reading comprehension at SMAN 12 Kota Kupang and to know how the English teachers implement the strategies in teaching reading comprehension at SMAN 12 Kota Kupang. The method of this research was qualitative descriptive method. The subjects of this research were two English teachers in SMAN 12 Kota Kupang. The instruments of this research were observation and interview. The result of the research shows that were two strategies that teachers used such as QAR (Question Answer Relationship) and SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review). The QAR strategy and SQ3R strategy were effective in teaching reading comprehension since the use of these strategies enabled the students to answer the questions of the text.

TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVE ON THE USE OF ICE BREAKING IN ENHANCING A DYNAMIC CLASSROOM AT SMK NEGERI 2 KUPANG

Maria Stefania Ina Tokan — 2025-12-23

This research explores Teachers’ Perspectives on the use of Ice Breaking in Enhancing a Dynamic Classroom at SMK Negeri 2 Kupang. It aims to examine how teachers perceive and implement ice breaking strategies, their positive impacts on classroom dynamics, and the challenges encountered in the process. The study employs a qualitative approach using observations and interviews with three English teachers. The findings reveal that teachers view a dynamic classroom as an interactive and flexible learning environment that promotes active student participation. To foster this environment, teachers apply various ice breaking activities, such as simple games, light physical exercises, and quick quizzes, to increase engagement and reduce boredom. Ice breaking positively impacts student participation, strengthens social interaction among students and teachers, and enhances teachers’ creativity. Nonetheless, challenges such as time limitations, diverse student interests, limited facilities, and students’ difficulty in understanding instructions were noted. The research concludes that ice breaking is an effective strategy for creating a dynamic classroom and improving learning quality. It recommends that teachers design enjoyable and relevant ice breaking activities tailored to classroom conditions and lesson content.

IMPROVING THE ABILITY TO WRITE PROCEDURE TEXTS USING PICTURES IN ENGLISH LEARNING OF 7TH GRADE STUDENTS AT SMP NEGERI 5 KUPANG

Afliana Ambus — 2025-12-23

Improving the Ability to Write Procedure Texts Using Pictures in English Learning of 7th Grade Students at SMP Negeri 5 Kupang. This research aims to determine the use of pictures in improving students' ability to write procedure text. Based on the research results, pictures were one of the learning media that can improve the students’ ability to write procedure texts. The type of research is Class Action Research. This research was conducted on seventh-grade students of SMP Negeri 5 Kupang. The population in this research are all seventh-grade students of SMP Negeri 5 Kupang, with sampling using purposive sampling technique, namely class VII D as the subject of the study. The data analysis in this study used a quantitative method and consisted of two cycles. Based on the results of data analysis, students' ability to write procedure texts in the pre-test were below the average of 57 and only 6 students, or 19% achieved learning completion. In the post-test in cycle I, the average score of students increased to 68 with the number of students who achieved learning completeness of 13 students or 42%. Then in cycle II or post-test II, students' ability to write procedure texts increased significantly with an average of 86, and 27 students, or 87% had achieved learning completion. From these results, the writer concluded that the use of pictures can improve the ability to write procedure texts of 7th-grade students of SMP Negeri 5 Kupang

ENGLISH TEXTS READING COMPREHENSION OF GRADE 11 STUDENTS OF SMA NEGERI 4 KUPANG IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2024/2025

Maria Kristina Nona — 2025-12-23

This thesis entitled: English Texts Reading Comprehension of Grade Eleventh Students of SMA Negeri 4 Kupang in Academic Year 2024/2025”. Reading comprehension is a process of understanding a text, namely to take the ideas, the information, and then interpret the meaning. It is mental process in which the readers try to understand the meaning in the text by interpreting what have been read in order to find the idea given by the writers. Nunan, defines reading comprehension is the process to get a, to understand, and to catch the content of the reading. It means that reading comprehension is a process of the readers in getting and understanding the meaning of the text. This research used descriptive quantitative method and qualitative method. This research was conducted for one month in SMA Negeri 4 Kupang. The researcher chose class 11/E students as the subject of this research. There were be 210 students as the population which were distributed in 6 classes, and each class consists of 24 students. For the purpose of this study, the sample taken was 10% of the population (210) = 21 students. The instruments used in this research were a test and interview. The test was multiple choice. There were 20 numbers of test items and another instrument was interview. There were 1 out of 21 students got poor scores (0-59) and 12 students got fair scores (60-69). It means 57% of students were not able to comprehend English reading text (failure). Meanwhile, there were 5 students (24)% got good scores (70-79) and 3 students got excellent scores (14%) from 80-100. It means most of students were not able to comprehend English texts.