The Effect of Ketamine-Zolazepam-Tiletamine and Ketamine-Diazepam Anesthesia Combination on Physiological Features of Dog Castration (Canis Familiaris)
Indonesian
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Calvin Lummu Darang(1*)
Nusa Cendana University
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Tri Utami(2)
Program Studi Kedokteran Hewan, Fakultas Kedokteran dan Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, NTT
-
Tarsisius Considus Tophianong(3)
Program Studi Kedokteran Hewan, Fakultas Kedokteran dan Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, NTT
(*) Corresponding Author
Keywords:
Anesthesia Castration Ketamine
Abstract
Castration in male dogs is a medical procedure aimed at reducing the population of male dogs. The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological profile of administering a combination of ketamine-zolazepam-tiletamine and ketamine-diazepam during castration. Six domestic male dogs weighing 8-15 kg and aged 6 months to 1 year were used in this study. Physiological observations of heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, digit reflex, and pupil reflex were statistically analyzed using an independent t-test. The oral mucosa was observed descriptively. Statistical analysis results showed that heart rate in group K1 with ketamine administration (10 mg/kg bw, iv) – zolazepam-tiletamine (5 mg/kg bw, iv) and K2 with ketamine (10 mg/kg bw, iv) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg bw, iv) from T0 to T60 showed significant differences (P<0.05). Respiratory rates in groups K1 and K2 at T0, T10, T40, T50, and T60 showed significant differences. Body temperature and pupillary reflexes in groups K1 and K2 showed no significant differences. Dog digit reflexes in groups K1 and K2 showed significant differences. The combination of ketamine-zolazepam-tiletamine (KZT) and ketamine-diazepam (KD) caused an increase in heart rate and respiratory rate from normal values, but the increase in KD was closer to normal limits. Body temperature was within normal limits when KZT and KD combinations were administered. The loss of digit reflex and pupil reflex responses with the KZT combination lasted longer than with KD, indicating that the analgesia and sedation quality of KZT was deeper than that of KD. The oral mucosa in the KZT and KD combinations was pink, and the Capillary Refill Time (CRT) was < 2 seconds from T0 to T60.
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Pawde, A. M. (2023). Evaluation of tiletamine-zolazepam as an induction agent for ovariohysterectomy under isoflurane anaesthesia in dogs. Indian J. Vet. Surg, 44(1), 37–40.
Pemayun, I., Sindhu, I., & Wardhita, A. (2018). Waktu Induksi, Durasi, dan Pemulihan Anestesi Ketamin dengan Berbagai Dosis Premedikasi Xilazin secara Subkutan pada Anjing Lokal DOG. Indones Med Veterinus J, 7(6), 652–663.
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Pratama, A. R., & Fadil, M. (2021). Peranan Inotropik dan Vasopresor dalam Terapi Syok Kardiogenik. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran, 48(6), 307–314.
Saikumar, B., Kumaresan, A., Kathirvel, S., Chakravarthi, P. V., & Varshini, P. (2023). Comparative evaluation of physiological and cardiopulmonary effects of diazepam-ketamine and Zolazepam-tiletamine for abdominal surgeries in dogs.
Savvas, I., Plevraki, K., Raptopoulos, D., & Koutinas, A. F. (2005). Blood gas and acid–base status during tiletamine/zolazepam anaesthesia in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 32(2), 94–100.
Schöndorfer, B., Vogl, C., & Eberspächer-Schweda, E. (2023). Sedative effects and changes in cardiac rhythm with intravenous premedication of medetomidine, butorphanol and ketamine in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 50(2), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VAA.2022.12.006
Shelby, A. M., & McKune, C. M. (2022). Small Animal Anesthesia Techniques. John Wiley & Sons.
Shrestha, A., Jha, A. K., Poudel, S. K., & Karmacharya, S. M. R. (2016). Study of xylazine ketamine and diazepam in two different combinations as general anesthesia in dog based on vital parameters, top up and duration of recovery.
Singh, T. S. S., Elahi, F., & Cheney, B. (2017). Ketamine-induced QTc interval prolongation. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology, 33(1), 136–138.
Thomas, J., & Lerche, P. (2016). Anesthesia and Analgesia for Veterinary Technicians-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Tranquilli, W. J., Thurmon, J. C., Grimm, K. A., & Lumb, W. V. (2007). Lumb & Jones’ veterinary anesthesia and analgesia (4th ed.).
Ullah, S., Ali, M., Shuaib, M., Hussain, S., Abbass, Z., & Khan, N. (2017). Effect of xylazine and ketamine on pulse rate, respiratory rate and body temperature in dog. International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology, 2(4).
Vazquez, G. H., Zarate, C. A., & Brietzke, E. M. (2016). Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Nikki Levy.
Vodovar, D., Chevillard, L., Caillé, F., Risède, P., Pottier, G., Auvity, S., Mégarbane, B., & Tournier, N. (2022). Mechanisms of respiratory depression induced by the combination of buprenorphine and diazepam in rats. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 128(3), 584–595.
Yates, D. (2018). Intramuscular ketamine anaesthesia in the dog. Companion Animal, 23(1), 8–11. https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2018.23.1.8
Yohannes, G., Negash, G., & Fantay, H. (2018). Clinical Evaluation of Anesthetic Combinations of Xylazine-ketamine, Diazepam-ketamine and Acepromazine-ketamine in Dogs of Local Breed in Mekelle, Ethiopia. SOJ Vet Sci, 4(2), 1–9.
Zhang, Z., Du, X., Bai, H., Shen, M., Ma, X., Li, R., Jin, X., & Gao, L. (2021). Cardiopulmonary (No Ventilation) and Anesthetic Effects of Dexmedetomidine–Tiletamine in Dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 674862.
Alfi, N., Alfi, N., Reza Ferasyi, T., Rahmi, E., Adam, M., Nasution, I., & Ismail, dan. (2015). Jurnal Medika Veterinaria Prevalence of Behavioural Changes in Male Local Dog (Canis familiaris) Caged Based on Animal Welfare Principles for 60 Days.
Anjana, R. R., Parikh, P. V, & Kelawala, D. N. (2021). Effects of tiletamine-zolazepam and isoflurane for induction and maintenance in xylazine premedicated dogs. Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology, 17(4), 86–88.
Bojrab, M. Joseph., Waldron, D. R., & Toombs, J. P. (2014). Current techniques in small animal surgery (5th ed.). https://www.routledge.com/Current-Techniques-in-Small-Animal-Surgery/Bojrab-Waldron-Toombs/p/book/9781591610359
Bryant, S. (2013). Anesthesia for veterinary technicians. John Wiley & Sons.
Cruzat, J. M., Gicana, K., Abalos, J., Paraso, M. G., & Luna, M. C. T. (2018). Comparison of anesthetic effect of three dose regimens of tiletamine-zolazepam-propofol combination in Philippine domestic cats. Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 55, 45–52.
Franco, L. G., Wilges, C. H. M., Junior, D. P., Cerejo, S. A., Nishimura, L. T., & Bittar, I. P. (2018). Effects of ketamine constant rate infusions on cardiac biomarkers and cardiac function in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 45(3), 250–259.
Goddard, K., Sampson, C., Ghadban, R., Stilley, J., & Goddard, K. B. (2021). Effect of ketamine on cardiovascular function during procedural sedation of adults. Cureus, 13(3).
Gorda, I. W., Wardita, A. A. G. J., & Dharmayudha, A. A. G. O. (2010). Perbandingan efek pemberian anestesi xylazin-ketamin hidroklorida dengan anestesi tiletamin-zolazepam terhadap capillary refill time (CRT) dan warna selaput lendir pada anjing. Buletin Veteriner , 2(1), 21–27.
Grimm, K. A., Lamont, L. A., Tranquilli, W. J., Greene, S. A., & Robertson, S. A. (2015). Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia the Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Hampton, C. E., Riebold, T. W., LeBlanc, N. L., Scollan, K. F., Mandsager, R. E., & Sisson, D. D. (2019). Effects of intravenous administration of tiletamine-zolazepam, alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, and propofol for induction of anesthesia on cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables in healthy dogs before and during anesthesia maintained with isoflurane. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 80(1), 33–44.
İşler, C. T., Altuğ, M. E., Yurtal, Z., & Deveci, M. Z. Y. (2018). Effects of diazepam, ketamine HCl and sevoflurane anesthesia on vital and recovery values of nine long legged buzzards (Buteo rufinus) upon wing amputation. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 69(3), 1071–1076.
Johnston, S., VMD, DACVS, Thobias, K., DVM, MS, & DACVS. (2018). Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult, 2nd Edition (2nd ed.). https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/product/9780323320658?role=student
Kiliç, N., & Henke, J. (2004). Comparative studies on the effects of S (+)-ketamine-medetomidine and racemic ketamine-medetomidine in mice. YYÜ Vet Fak Derg, 15, 15–17.
Kucharski, P., & Kiełbowicz, Z. (2021). Dissociative anaesthesia in dogs and cats with use of tiletamine and zolazepam combination. What we already know about it. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences.
Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Nazar, R., & Chaudhary, R. N. (2014). Evaluation of diazepam-ketamine as anaesthetic combination in buffalo calves. Haryana Vet, 53(1), 58–62.
Landry, J., & Maza, P. (2020a). Effectiveness of the anaesthetic combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, ketamine and xylazine for the sterilisation of street dogs in field clinics. Veterinary Record Case Reports, 8(2), e000953.
Nejamkin, P., Cavilla, V., Clausse, M., Landivar, F., Lorenzutti, A. M., Martínez, S., Del Sole, M. J., & Martín-Flores, M. (2019). Sedative and physiologic effects of tiletamine–zolazepam following buccal administration in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 22(2), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X19827116
Oguntoye, C. O., & Oke, B. O. (2014). A Comparison of xylazine/ketamine, diazepam/ketamine and acepromazine/ketamine anaesthesia in Rabbit. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 12(3), 21–25.
Pawde, A. M. (2023). Evaluation of tiletamine-zolazepam as an induction agent for ovariohysterectomy under isoflurane anaesthesia in dogs. Indian J. Vet. Surg, 44(1), 37–40.
Pemayun, I., Sindhu, I., & Wardhita, A. (2018). Waktu Induksi, Durasi, dan Pemulihan Anestesi Ketamin dengan Berbagai Dosis Premedikasi Xilazin secara Subkutan pada Anjing Lokal DOG. Indones Med Veterinus J, 7(6), 652–663.
Pemayun, I., & Sudisma, I. G. N. (2020a). Physiological response of Bali cattle on anesthetic of ketamine and propofol. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 3(1), 1–13.
Pereira, S. A. R. S., Henrique, F. V, Medeiros, L. K. G., Silva, J. K. C., Goes, A. B., Vaz, A. F. M., Souza, A. P., & Nóbrega, P. I. (2019). Anesthetic quality and cardiovascular and respiratory effects of continuous intravenous infusion of tiletamine-zolazepam in bitches. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 39, 214–220.
Pratama, A. R., & Fadil, M. (2021). Peranan Inotropik dan Vasopresor dalam Terapi Syok Kardiogenik. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran, 48(6), 307–314.
Saikumar, B., Kumaresan, A., Kathirvel, S., Chakravarthi, P. V., & Varshini, P. (2023). Comparative evaluation of physiological and cardiopulmonary effects of diazepam-ketamine and Zolazepam-tiletamine for abdominal surgeries in dogs.
Savvas, I., Plevraki, K., Raptopoulos, D., & Koutinas, A. F. (2005). Blood gas and acid–base status during tiletamine/zolazepam anaesthesia in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 32(2), 94–100.
Schöndorfer, B., Vogl, C., & Eberspächer-Schweda, E. (2023). Sedative effects and changes in cardiac rhythm with intravenous premedication of medetomidine, butorphanol and ketamine in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 50(2), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VAA.2022.12.006
Shelby, A. M., & McKune, C. M. (2022). Small Animal Anesthesia Techniques. John Wiley & Sons.
Shrestha, A., Jha, A. K., Poudel, S. K., & Karmacharya, S. M. R. (2016). Study of xylazine ketamine and diazepam in two different combinations as general anesthesia in dog based on vital parameters, top up and duration of recovery.
Singh, T. S. S., Elahi, F., & Cheney, B. (2017). Ketamine-induced QTc interval prolongation. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology, 33(1), 136–138.
Thomas, J., & Lerche, P. (2016). Anesthesia and Analgesia for Veterinary Technicians-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Tranquilli, W. J., Thurmon, J. C., Grimm, K. A., & Lumb, W. V. (2007). Lumb & Jones’ veterinary anesthesia and analgesia (4th ed.).
Ullah, S., Ali, M., Shuaib, M., Hussain, S., Abbass, Z., & Khan, N. (2017). Effect of xylazine and ketamine on pulse rate, respiratory rate and body temperature in dog. International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology, 2(4).
Vazquez, G. H., Zarate, C. A., & Brietzke, E. M. (2016). Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Nikki Levy.
Vodovar, D., Chevillard, L., Caillé, F., Risède, P., Pottier, G., Auvity, S., Mégarbane, B., & Tournier, N. (2022). Mechanisms of respiratory depression induced by the combination of buprenorphine and diazepam in rats. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 128(3), 584–595.
Yates, D. (2018). Intramuscular ketamine anaesthesia in the dog. Companion Animal, 23(1), 8–11. https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2018.23.1.8
Yohannes, G., Negash, G., & Fantay, H. (2018). Clinical Evaluation of Anesthetic Combinations of Xylazine-ketamine, Diazepam-ketamine and Acepromazine-ketamine in Dogs of Local Breed in Mekelle, Ethiopia. SOJ Vet Sci, 4(2), 1–9.
Zhang, Z., Du, X., Bai, H., Shen, M., Ma, X., Li, R., Jin, X., & Gao, L. (2021). Cardiopulmonary (No Ventilation) and Anesthetic Effects of Dexmedetomidine–Tiletamine in Dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 674862.
Published
2025-12-19
How to Cite
Darang, C., Utami, T., & Tophianong, T. (2025). The Effect of Ketamine-Zolazepam-Tiletamine and Ketamine-Diazepam Anesthesia Combination on Physiological Features of Dog Castration (Canis Familiaris). Jurnal Veteriner Nusantara, 8(2), 80-87. https://doi.org/10.35508/jvn.v8i2.26740
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