DAMPAK FISIOLOGIS DARI CEKAMAN PANAS PADA TERNAK
-
Heru Sutedjo(1*)
universitas Nusa Cendana
(*) Corresponding Author
Keywords:
cekaman panas, konsumsi, perubahan fisiologis
Abstract
Each farm animal species has its own physiological comfort zone, in which energy expenditure was at minimal level, constant and independent ofambient temperature. When ambient temperature increased and resulted in excessive amount of head load, animal would try to maintain body thermal balance by modifying behavior, feed and water intake pattern, and certain physiological processes. Heat stress consistently resulted in decreased feed intake and increased water intake. Besides that, heat stress also has effects on animal physiology both through its direct effect and indirect effect due to decreased feed intake. Physiological changes due to heat stress included changing in nutrients digestibility and metabolism, increased production of free radicals, decreased concentration of Na+, K+ and Cl-, increased concentration of cortisol and decreased concentration of thyroxine, increased risk of alkalosis and, eventually, affected the responses of cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity.
ABSTRAK
Setiap spesies ternak memiliki suatu zona nyaman fisiologis, yaitu keadaan dimana pelepasan energi berada pada tingkat minimal, konstan dan bebas dari pengaruh suhu lingkungan. Bila suhu lingkungan meningkat dan menyebabkan tambahan beban panas yang berlebihan bagi ternak maka ternak akan berusaha mempertahankan keseimbangan panas tubuhnya dengan melakukan perubahan-perubahan tingkah laku, pola konsumsi pakan dan air serta perubahan fisiologis tertentu. Cekaman panas secara konsisten menyebabkan penurunan konsumsi pakan dan peningkatan konsumsi air. Di samping itu, cekaman panas juga berdampak pada fisiologi ternak baik melalui pengaruh langsungnya maupun pengaruh tidak langsung sebagai akibat penurunan konsumsi pakan. Perubahan-perubahan fisiologis akibat cekaman panas meliputi perubahan kecernaan zat makanan dan metabolisme, peningkatan produksi radikal bebas, penurunan konsentrasi Na+, K+ dan Cl-, peningkatan konsentrasi cortisol dan penurunan thyroxine, peningkatan potensi terjadinya alkalosis dan, pada akhirnya, berpengaruh buruk terhadap tanggapan kekebalantermediasi sel maupun tanggapan kekebalan humoral.
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References
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Agarwal A,Prabhakaran SA.2005. Mechanism, measurement and prevention of oxidative stress in male reproductive physiology.Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 43:963-974.
Altan O., Pabuccuoglu A., Alton A., Konyalioglu S, Bayraktar H. 2003. Effect of heat stress on oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and some stress parameters in broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 4:545-550.
Ames DR, Brink DR, Williams CL. 1980. Adjusting protein in feedlot diet during thermal stress. J. Anim. Sci., 50:1.
Bartlett JR, Smith MO. 2003. Effects of different levels of zinc on the performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Poult. Sci., 82:1580–1588.
Beede DK, Collier JR.1986. Potential nutritional strategies for intensively managed cattle during heat stress. J. Anim. Sci. 62:543–550.
Benjamin MM. 1981. Fluid and electrolytes.In Outline of Veterinary Clinical Pathology.Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames.
Bianca W.1976. Thermoregulation. In: Hafez, E.S.E. (Ed.),Adaptation of Domestic Animals. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 97–118, Chapter 7.
Blecha F, Boylesdan SL, Riley JG. 1984. Shipping suppresses lymphocyte blastogenic responses in Angus and Brahmin Cross Angus feeder calves. J. Anim. Sci., 59:576.
Bobek, S, Niezgoda J, Pietras M, Kacinska M, Ewy Z. 1980. The effect of acute cold and warm ambient temperatures on the thyroid hormone concentration in blood plasma, blood supply, and oxygen consumption in Japanese quail. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 40: 201–210.
Christison GI, Johnson HD.1972. Cortisol turnover in heat-stressed cows.J. Anim. Sci. 53:1005–1010.
Cogburn LA, Freeman RM. 1987. Response surface of daily thyroid hormone rhythms in young chickens exposed to constant ambient temperature. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 68:113–123.
Cole JA, Hansen PJ.1993. Effects of administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the responses of lactating and nonlactating cows to heat stress. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 203113–117.
Collier RJ, Beede DK, Thatcher WW, Israel LA, Wilcox LS. 1982. Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production.J. Dairy. Sci. 65:2213-2227.
Collins KH, Weiner HS.1968. Endocrinological aspects ofexposure to high environmental temperature.Physiol. Rev. 48:785–794.
Conrad JH.1985. Feeding of farm animals in hot and cold environments. In: Yousef, M.K. (Ed.), Stress Physiology in Livestock. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A., Place, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
Coppock CE, Grant PA, Portzer SJ. 1982. Lactating dairy cow responses to dietary sodium, chloride, bicarbonate during hot weather.J. Dairy Sci., 65:566.
Curtis SE. 1983. Environmental Management in Animal Agriculture. Ames, IA., The Iowa State Univ. Press.
Dale HE, Brody S.1954. Thermal stress and acid- base balance in dairy cattle. Missouri. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 562.
Droge W. 2002. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol. Rev., 82:47–95.
Elnagar SA., Scheideler SE and Beck MM.2010. Reproductive hormones, hepatic deiodinase messenger ribonucleic acid, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive cells in hypothalamus in the heat stress-induced or chemically induced hypothyroid laying hen. Poult. Sci., 89:2001–2009.
Felver-Gant JN, Mack LA, Dennis RL, Eicher SD, Cheng HW. 2012. Genetic variations alter physiological responses following heat stress in 2 strains of laying hens. Poult. Sci., 91:1542–1551.
Geraert PA, Padilha JC, Guillaumin S. 1996. Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens: biological and endocrinological variables. Br. J. Nutr., 75:205–216.
Ghazi SH, Habibian M, MoeiniMM, Abdolmohammadi AR. 2012. Effects of different levels of organic and inorganic chromium on growth performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 146:309–317.
Goldstone SD, Hunt NH. 1997. Redox regulation of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway during lymphocyte activation.Biochem.Biophys.Acta., 1355:353-360.
Habeeb AAM, Marai IFM, Kamal TH. 1992. Heat stress.In: Phillips, C., Pigginns, D. (Eds.), Farm Animals and theEnvironment. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 27–47.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC, Cross CE. 1992. Free radicals, antioxidants and human diseases: Where are we now?.J. Lab. And Clin. Med., 119(6):598-620.
Igono MO, Johnson HD, Steevens BJ, Hainen WA, Shanklin MD. 1988. Effect of season on milk temperature, milk growth hormone, prolactin, and somatic cell counts of lactating cattle.Int. J. Biometerol. 32:194–200.
Iwagami Y. 1996. Changes in the ultrasonic of human cells related to certain biological responses under hyperthermic culture conditions. Human Cell. 9:353-366.
Jenkinson DM, Mabon RM.1973. The effects of temperature and humidity on skin surface pH and the ionic composition of skin secretions in Ayrshire cattle.Br. Vet. J. 129:282–295.
Johnson HD, Katti PS, Hahn L, Shanklin MD.1988. Short-term heat acclimation effects on hormonal profile of lactating cows.Missouri Agri. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1061.Columbia.
Kamal I, Ibraim II.1969. The effect of natural environment ofthe Sahara and controlled climate on thyroid gland activity inFriesian cattle and water buffaloes. Int. J. Biometeorol. 13:275–285.
Kibler HH, Brody S. 1950. Environmental physiology with special reference to domestic animals. X. Influence of temperature, 5° to 95°F, on evaporative cooling from the respiratory and exterior surfaces in Jersey and Holstein cows. Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bul. 461. Columbia.
Kumar S, Kumar Ajeet BV, Meena K. 2011. Review effect of heat stress in tropical livestock and different strategies for its amelioration. J. Stress Physiol. & Biochem., Vol. 7 (1):45-54.
Lara LR, Rostagno MH.2013. Impact of heat stress on poultry production.Animals, 3, 356-369
LPHSI. 1990. Livestock and Poultry Heat Stress Indices Agriculture Engineering Technology Guide. Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
Mack LA, Felver-Gant JN, Dennis RL, Cheng. 2013. Genetic variation alter production and behavioral responses following heat stress in 2 strains of laying hens. Poult. Sci, 92:285–294.
Magdub A, Johnson HD, Belyea RL. 1982. Effect of environmental heat and dietary fiber on thyroid physiology of lactating cows.J. Dairy Sci. 65:2323–2331.
Marai IFM, El-Darawany AA, Fadiel A, Abdel-Hafez MAM. 2006. Physiological traits as affected by heat stress in sheep - A review. Small Ruminant Research, 71 (2007): 1–12
Marai IFM, Bahgat LB, Shalaby TH, Abdel-Hafez MA.2000. Fattening performance, some behavioural traits and physiological reactions of male lambs fed concentrates mixture alone with or without natural clay, under hot summer of Egypt. Ann. Arid Zone 39 (4):449–460.
Marai IFM., Ayyat MS andAbd El-Monem UM.2001. Growth performance and reproductive traits at first parity of New Zealand White female rabbits as affected by heat stress and its alleviation, under Egyptian conditions. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 33:457–462.
Marai IFM., Shalaby TH., Bahgat LBand Abdel-Hafez MA. 1997. Fattening of lambs on concentrates mixture diet alone without roughages or with addition of natural clay under subtropical conditions of Egypt. Growth performance and behaviour. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Animal Production & Health, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
McGuire MA, Beede DK, Collier RJ, Buonomo FC, DeLorenzo MA, Wilcox CJ, Huntington GB, Reynolds CK. 1991. Effects of acute thermal stress and amount of feed intake on concentrations of somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II, and thyroid hormones in plasma of lactating Holstein cows. J. Anim. Sci. 69:2050–2056.
Minton JE. 1994. Function of the HPA axis and Sympathetic nervous system in models of acute stress in domestic farm animals. J. Anim. Sci.,72:1891.
Mitchell MA, Carlisle AJ. 1992. The effects of chronic exposure to elevated environmental temperature on intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Comp. Physiol., 101:137–142.
Monty DE, Kelly LM, Rice WR.1991. Acclimatization of St. Croix, Karakul and Rambouillet sheep to intense and dry summer heat.Small Rumin. Res. 4 (4):379–392.
Muller CJC, Botha JA, Coetzer WA, Smith WW. 1994. Effect of shade on various parameters of Friesian cows in a Mediterranean climate in South Africa. 2.
Physiological responses. South Afric. J. Anim. Sci. 24:56–60.
Murad HM, El-Bedawy TM, Shafiedan MM, Salem SM.1994. Effect of heat stress and dietary roughage level on rumen function, nutrient utilization and water turnover by native Egyptian sheep, Egypt.J. Anim. Prod. 31 (Suppl.), 361–371.
Nardon A, Ronchi B, Valentini A. 1991. Effects of solar radiation on water and food intake and weight gain in Sarda and Comisana female lambs. In: Animal Husbandry in Warm Climates, vol. 55. EAAP Publication, pp. 149–150.
Niu ZY, Liu FZ, Yan QL, Li WC. 2009. Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers under heat stress. Poult. Sci., 88:2101–2107.
Padua JT, Dasilva RG, Bottcher RW, Hoff SJ. 1997. Effect of high environmental temperature on weight gain and food intake of Suffolk lambs reared in a tropical environment. In: Proceedings of 5th International Symposium, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA, pp. 809–815.
Prieto MT, Campo JL. 2010. Effect of heat and several additives related to stress levels on fluctuating asymmetry, heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, and tonic immobility duration in White Leghorn chicks. Poult. Sci., 89:2071–2077.
Quinteiro-Filho WM, Ribeiro A, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Pinheiro ML, Sakai M, As LR, Ferreira AJ, Palermo-Neto J. 2010. Heat stress impairs performance parameters, induces intestinal injury, and decreases macrophage activity in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 89:1905–1914.
Quinteiro-Filho WM, Gomes AV, Pinheiro ML, Ribeiro A, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Ferreira AJ, Palermo-Neto J. 2012. Heat stress impairs performance and induces intestinal inflammation in broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis. Avian Pathol., 41:421–427.
Schneider PL, Beede DK, Wilcox CJ. 1988. Nycterohemeral patterns of acid-base status, mineral concentrations and digestive function of lactating cows in natural or chamber heat stress environments. J. Anim. Sci. 66:112–125.
Schneider DL, Beede DK, Wilcox CJ, Collier RJ. 1984. Influence of dietary sodium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate on heat stressed lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 67:2546-2553.
Shafie MM, Murad HM, El- Bedawy TM, Salem SM.1994. Effect of heat stress on feed intake, rumen fermentation and water turnover in relation to heat tolerance response by sheep, Egypt. J. Anim. Prod. 31 (2):317–327.
Sharma RN, Bhardwaj A, Behera D, Khanderja KL. 2002. Oxidative burden and antioxidant defense system in polymorphonuclear cells of human lung diseases.Ind. J. Biochem.Biophys. 39:124-129.
Silanikove N. 2000. Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants. Livestock Production Science 67:1–18.
Star L, Decuypere E, Parmentier HK, Kemp B. 2008. Effect of single or combined climatic and hygienic stress in four layer lines: 2. Endocrine and oxidative stress responses. Poult. Sci., 87:1031–1038.
Stott GH, Wiersma F, Menefee BE, Radwanski FR. 1976. Influence of environment on passive immunity in calves.J. Dairy Sci. 59:1306–1311.
St-Pierre NR, Cobanov B, Schnitkey G. 2003. Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. J. Dairy Sci., 86(E. Suppl.): E52–E77.
Victor VM, Guayerbas N, Garrote D, Del Riodan M, De La Fuente M. 1999. Modulation of murine macrophage function by NAcetyl cytosine in a model of endotoxic shock.Biofactors.5:234.
Weniger JH, Stein M.1992. Influence of environmental temperature and humidity on nutrient digestibility of sheep. 1. Aims, experimental procedure and digestibility. Zuchtungskunde 64 (2):148–155.
West JW. 2003. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle.J. Dairy Sci. 86:2131–2144.
West JW. 1999. Nutritional strategies for managing the heat stressed dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 77 (2):21-35.
West JW, Mullinix BG, Sandifer TG. 1991. Changing dietary electrolyte balance for dairy cows in cool and hot environments.J. Dairy Sci. 74:1662–1674.
Yahav S, Hurwitz S. 1996. Induction of thermotolerance in male broiler chickens by temperature conditioning at an early age. Poult. Sci., 75:402–406
Agarwal A,Prabhakaran SA.2005. Mechanism, measurement and prevention of oxidative stress in male reproductive physiology.Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 43:963-974.
Altan O., Pabuccuoglu A., Alton A., Konyalioglu S, Bayraktar H. 2003. Effect of heat stress on oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and some stress parameters in broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 4:545-550.
Ames DR, Brink DR, Williams CL. 1980. Adjusting protein in feedlot diet during thermal stress. J. Anim. Sci., 50:1.
Bartlett JR, Smith MO. 2003. Effects of different levels of zinc on the performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Poult. Sci., 82:1580–1588.
Beede DK, Collier JR.1986. Potential nutritional strategies for intensively managed cattle during heat stress. J. Anim. Sci. 62:543–550.
Benjamin MM. 1981. Fluid and electrolytes.In Outline of Veterinary Clinical Pathology.Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames.
Bianca W.1976. Thermoregulation. In: Hafez, E.S.E. (Ed.),Adaptation of Domestic Animals. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 97–118, Chapter 7.
Blecha F, Boylesdan SL, Riley JG. 1984. Shipping suppresses lymphocyte blastogenic responses in Angus and Brahmin Cross Angus feeder calves. J. Anim. Sci., 59:576.
Bobek, S, Niezgoda J, Pietras M, Kacinska M, Ewy Z. 1980. The effect of acute cold and warm ambient temperatures on the thyroid hormone concentration in blood plasma, blood supply, and oxygen consumption in Japanese quail. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 40: 201–210.
Christison GI, Johnson HD.1972. Cortisol turnover in heat-stressed cows.J. Anim. Sci. 53:1005–1010.
Cogburn LA, Freeman RM. 1987. Response surface of daily thyroid hormone rhythms in young chickens exposed to constant ambient temperature. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 68:113–123.
Cole JA, Hansen PJ.1993. Effects of administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the responses of lactating and nonlactating cows to heat stress. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 203113–117.
Collier RJ, Beede DK, Thatcher WW, Israel LA, Wilcox LS. 1982. Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production.J. Dairy. Sci. 65:2213-2227.
Collins KH, Weiner HS.1968. Endocrinological aspects ofexposure to high environmental temperature.Physiol. Rev. 48:785–794.
Conrad JH.1985. Feeding of farm animals in hot and cold environments. In: Yousef, M.K. (Ed.), Stress Physiology in Livestock. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A., Place, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
Coppock CE, Grant PA, Portzer SJ. 1982. Lactating dairy cow responses to dietary sodium, chloride, bicarbonate during hot weather.J. Dairy Sci., 65:566.
Curtis SE. 1983. Environmental Management in Animal Agriculture. Ames, IA., The Iowa State Univ. Press.
Dale HE, Brody S.1954. Thermal stress and acid- base balance in dairy cattle. Missouri. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 562.
Droge W. 2002. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol. Rev., 82:47–95.
Elnagar SA., Scheideler SE and Beck MM.2010. Reproductive hormones, hepatic deiodinase messenger ribonucleic acid, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive cells in hypothalamus in the heat stress-induced or chemically induced hypothyroid laying hen. Poult. Sci., 89:2001–2009.
Felver-Gant JN, Mack LA, Dennis RL, Eicher SD, Cheng HW. 2012. Genetic variations alter physiological responses following heat stress in 2 strains of laying hens. Poult. Sci., 91:1542–1551.
Geraert PA, Padilha JC, Guillaumin S. 1996. Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens: biological and endocrinological variables. Br. J. Nutr., 75:205–216.
Ghazi SH, Habibian M, MoeiniMM, Abdolmohammadi AR. 2012. Effects of different levels of organic and inorganic chromium on growth performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 146:309–317.
Goldstone SD, Hunt NH. 1997. Redox regulation of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway during lymphocyte activation.Biochem.Biophys.Acta., 1355:353-360.
Habeeb AAM, Marai IFM, Kamal TH. 1992. Heat stress.In: Phillips, C., Pigginns, D. (Eds.), Farm Animals and theEnvironment. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 27–47.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC, Cross CE. 1992. Free radicals, antioxidants and human diseases: Where are we now?.J. Lab. And Clin. Med., 119(6):598-620.
Igono MO, Johnson HD, Steevens BJ, Hainen WA, Shanklin MD. 1988. Effect of season on milk temperature, milk growth hormone, prolactin, and somatic cell counts of lactating cattle.Int. J. Biometerol. 32:194–200.
Iwagami Y. 1996. Changes in the ultrasonic of human cells related to certain biological responses under hyperthermic culture conditions. Human Cell. 9:353-366.
Jenkinson DM, Mabon RM.1973. The effects of temperature and humidity on skin surface pH and the ionic composition of skin secretions in Ayrshire cattle.Br. Vet. J. 129:282–295.
Johnson HD, Katti PS, Hahn L, Shanklin MD.1988. Short-term heat acclimation effects on hormonal profile of lactating cows.Missouri Agri. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1061.Columbia.
Kamal I, Ibraim II.1969. The effect of natural environment ofthe Sahara and controlled climate on thyroid gland activity inFriesian cattle and water buffaloes. Int. J. Biometeorol. 13:275–285.
Kibler HH, Brody S. 1950. Environmental physiology with special reference to domestic animals. X. Influence of temperature, 5° to 95°F, on evaporative cooling from the respiratory and exterior surfaces in Jersey and Holstein cows. Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bul. 461. Columbia.
Kumar S, Kumar Ajeet BV, Meena K. 2011. Review effect of heat stress in tropical livestock and different strategies for its amelioration. J. Stress Physiol. & Biochem., Vol. 7 (1):45-54.
Lara LR, Rostagno MH.2013. Impact of heat stress on poultry production.Animals, 3, 356-369
LPHSI. 1990. Livestock and Poultry Heat Stress Indices Agriculture Engineering Technology Guide. Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
Mack LA, Felver-Gant JN, Dennis RL, Cheng. 2013. Genetic variation alter production and behavioral responses following heat stress in 2 strains of laying hens. Poult. Sci, 92:285–294.
Magdub A, Johnson HD, Belyea RL. 1982. Effect of environmental heat and dietary fiber on thyroid physiology of lactating cows.J. Dairy Sci. 65:2323–2331.
Marai IFM, El-Darawany AA, Fadiel A, Abdel-Hafez MAM. 2006. Physiological traits as affected by heat stress in sheep - A review. Small Ruminant Research, 71 (2007): 1–12
Marai IFM, Bahgat LB, Shalaby TH, Abdel-Hafez MA.2000. Fattening performance, some behavioural traits and physiological reactions of male lambs fed concentrates mixture alone with or without natural clay, under hot summer of Egypt. Ann. Arid Zone 39 (4):449–460.
Marai IFM., Ayyat MS andAbd El-Monem UM.2001. Growth performance and reproductive traits at first parity of New Zealand White female rabbits as affected by heat stress and its alleviation, under Egyptian conditions. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 33:457–462.
Marai IFM., Shalaby TH., Bahgat LBand Abdel-Hafez MA. 1997. Fattening of lambs on concentrates mixture diet alone without roughages or with addition of natural clay under subtropical conditions of Egypt. Growth performance and behaviour. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Animal Production & Health, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
McGuire MA, Beede DK, Collier RJ, Buonomo FC, DeLorenzo MA, Wilcox CJ, Huntington GB, Reynolds CK. 1991. Effects of acute thermal stress and amount of feed intake on concentrations of somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II, and thyroid hormones in plasma of lactating Holstein cows. J. Anim. Sci. 69:2050–2056.
Minton JE. 1994. Function of the HPA axis and Sympathetic nervous system in models of acute stress in domestic farm animals. J. Anim. Sci.,72:1891.
Mitchell MA, Carlisle AJ. 1992. The effects of chronic exposure to elevated environmental temperature on intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Comp. Physiol., 101:137–142.
Monty DE, Kelly LM, Rice WR.1991. Acclimatization of St. Croix, Karakul and Rambouillet sheep to intense and dry summer heat.Small Rumin. Res. 4 (4):379–392.
Muller CJC, Botha JA, Coetzer WA, Smith WW. 1994. Effect of shade on various parameters of Friesian cows in a Mediterranean climate in South Africa. 2.
Physiological responses. South Afric. J. Anim. Sci. 24:56–60.
Murad HM, El-Bedawy TM, Shafiedan MM, Salem SM.1994. Effect of heat stress and dietary roughage level on rumen function, nutrient utilization and water turnover by native Egyptian sheep, Egypt.J. Anim. Prod. 31 (Suppl.), 361–371.
Nardon A, Ronchi B, Valentini A. 1991. Effects of solar radiation on water and food intake and weight gain in Sarda and Comisana female lambs. In: Animal Husbandry in Warm Climates, vol. 55. EAAP Publication, pp. 149–150.
Niu ZY, Liu FZ, Yan QL, Li WC. 2009. Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers under heat stress. Poult. Sci., 88:2101–2107.
Padua JT, Dasilva RG, Bottcher RW, Hoff SJ. 1997. Effect of high environmental temperature on weight gain and food intake of Suffolk lambs reared in a tropical environment. In: Proceedings of 5th International Symposium, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA, pp. 809–815.
Prieto MT, Campo JL. 2010. Effect of heat and several additives related to stress levels on fluctuating asymmetry, heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, and tonic immobility duration in White Leghorn chicks. Poult. Sci., 89:2071–2077.
Quinteiro-Filho WM, Ribeiro A, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Pinheiro ML, Sakai M, As LR, Ferreira AJ, Palermo-Neto J. 2010. Heat stress impairs performance parameters, induces intestinal injury, and decreases macrophage activity in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 89:1905–1914.
Quinteiro-Filho WM, Gomes AV, Pinheiro ML, Ribeiro A, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Ferreira AJ, Palermo-Neto J. 2012. Heat stress impairs performance and induces intestinal inflammation in broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis. Avian Pathol., 41:421–427.
Schneider PL, Beede DK, Wilcox CJ. 1988. Nycterohemeral patterns of acid-base status, mineral concentrations and digestive function of lactating cows in natural or chamber heat stress environments. J. Anim. Sci. 66:112–125.
Schneider DL, Beede DK, Wilcox CJ, Collier RJ. 1984. Influence of dietary sodium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate on heat stressed lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 67:2546-2553.
Shafie MM, Murad HM, El- Bedawy TM, Salem SM.1994. Effect of heat stress on feed intake, rumen fermentation and water turnover in relation to heat tolerance response by sheep, Egypt. J. Anim. Prod. 31 (2):317–327.
Sharma RN, Bhardwaj A, Behera D, Khanderja KL. 2002. Oxidative burden and antioxidant defense system in polymorphonuclear cells of human lung diseases.Ind. J. Biochem.Biophys. 39:124-129.
Silanikove N. 2000. Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants. Livestock Production Science 67:1–18.
Star L, Decuypere E, Parmentier HK, Kemp B. 2008. Effect of single or combined climatic and hygienic stress in four layer lines: 2. Endocrine and oxidative stress responses. Poult. Sci., 87:1031–1038.
Stott GH, Wiersma F, Menefee BE, Radwanski FR. 1976. Influence of environment on passive immunity in calves.J. Dairy Sci. 59:1306–1311.
St-Pierre NR, Cobanov B, Schnitkey G. 2003. Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. J. Dairy Sci., 86(E. Suppl.): E52–E77.
Victor VM, Guayerbas N, Garrote D, Del Riodan M, De La Fuente M. 1999. Modulation of murine macrophage function by NAcetyl cytosine in a model of endotoxic shock.Biofactors.5:234.
Weniger JH, Stein M.1992. Influence of environmental temperature and humidity on nutrient digestibility of sheep. 1. Aims, experimental procedure and digestibility. Zuchtungskunde 64 (2):148–155.
West JW. 2003. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle.J. Dairy Sci. 86:2131–2144.
West JW. 1999. Nutritional strategies for managing the heat stressed dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 77 (2):21-35.
West JW, Mullinix BG, Sandifer TG. 1991. Changing dietary electrolyte balance for dairy cows in cool and hot environments.J. Dairy Sci. 74:1662–1674.
Yahav S, Hurwitz S. 1996. Induction of thermotolerance in male broiler chickens by temperature conditioning at an early age. Poult. Sci., 75:402–406
Published
2016-06-30
How to Cite
Sutedjo, H. (2016). DAMPAK FISIOLOGIS DARI CEKAMAN PANAS PADA TERNAK. JURNAL NUKLEUS PETERNAKAN, 3(1), 93-105. https://doi.org/10.35508/nukleus.v3i1.791
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