PENGARUH PEMBERIAN HASIL FERMENTASI EKSTRAK BUAH LONTAR DAN FESES AYAM DALAM KONSENTRAT TERHADAP PEMANFAATAN ENERGI PADA TERNAK KAMBING (Effect of fermented palm fruits extract and chicken manure in concentrate on energy utilisation in goats)
-
Gusti Ayu Yudiwati Lestari(1*)
Dosen
-
Ikrimah Subih(2)
Universitas Nusa Cendana
-
Jalaludin Jalaludin(3)
Universitas Nusa Cendana
-
I G. N. Jelantik(4)
Universitas Nusa Cendana
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of feeding palm fruit extrack and chicken manure on energy utilisation in goats. This study used a Latin Square Design with four treatments and four periods of data collection as replications. The four treatments were: BP (Botriochloa pertusa hay 40% + Leucaena leucocephala 30% + concentrate 30%), BPS (Botriochloa pertusa hay 40% + Leucaena leucocephala 30% + concentrate 20% + palm fruit extract 10%), BPFA (Botriochloa pertusa hay 40% +Leucaena leucocephala 30% + concentrate 20% + chicken feces 10%), BPSFA (Botriochloa pertusa hay 40% + Leucaena leucocephala 30% + concentrate 20% + palm fruit extract 5% + chicken feces 5%). The parameters measured consisted of the intake and digestibility of crude fiber, VFA concentration, and blood glucose levels. The result showed that feeding fermented of palm fruits extract at different levels in the concentrate have no significant effect (P>0.05) on the intake and digestation of crude fiber and the concentration of blood glucose. However, it had a significant effect (P<0.01) on the total VFA concentration. In conclusion, feeding fermented concentrate containing palm fruit extract and chicken feces increases the total VFA concentration but it does not increase the intake and digestation of crude fiber and the concentation of blood glucose in male goats.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abdoun K, Stumpff F, Martens H. 2006. Ammonia and urea transport across the rumen epithelium: a review. Animal Health Research Reviews 7(1–2) : 43–59. 10.1017/S1466252307001156.
Allen MS, Mertens DR. 1988. Evaluating constraints on fiber digestion by rumen microbes. The Journal of Nutrition 118(2) : 261–270.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/118.2.261
Amanullah MM, Sekar S, Muthukrishnan P. 2010. Prospects and potential of poultry manure. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 9(4) : 172–182.
10.3923/ajps.2010.172.182
Anggorodi R. 1979. Ilmu Makanan Ternak Umum. Gramedia, Jakarta.
Bamualim A. 1988. Prinsip-prinsip dalam pemberian makanan ternak sapi dalam prinsip dan metode penelitian. Kumpulan Materi Kursus Sub Balai Penelitian Ternak Lili, Kupang.
Barthelmai W, Czok R. 1962. Enzymatische bestimmungen der glucose in blut, liquor und harn. Klin Wochenschr 40 : 585-589. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01478633
Beba E, Jelantik IGN, Dato TOD. 2020. Pengaruh pemberian silase rumput kume dan daun markisa hutan (Pasiflora foetida) dengan imbangan yang berbeda terhadap konsumsi dan kencernaan serat, konsentrasi VFA cairan rumen dan kadar glukosa darah pada kambing kacang. Jurnal Peternakan Lahan Kering 2(2) : 834–843. https://doi.org/10.57089/jplk.v2i2.460
Bi S, Westerholm M, Qiao W, Xiong L, Mahdy A, Yin D, Song Y, Dong R. 2020. Metabolic performance of anaerobic digestion of chicken manure under wet, high solid and dry conditions. Bioresource Technology 296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122342
Broderick GA, Stevenson MJ, Patton RA. 2009. Effect of dietary protein concentration and degradability on response to rumen-protected methionine in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92(6) : 2719–2728. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1277
da Cruz de Carvalho M, Soeparno, Ngadiyono N. 2010. Pertumbuhan dan produksi karkas sapi Peranakan Ongole dan Simmental Peranakan Ongole jantan yang dipelihara secara feedlot. Buletin Peternakan 34(1) : 38-46.
10.21059/buletinpeternak.v34i1.105
Pond WG, Church DC, Pond KR, Schoknech TA. 1988. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. United States of America.
Detmann E, Magalhaes KA, Filho SV, Paulino MF, Henriques LT. 2008. Development of a bicompartimental sub model to estimate digestible fraction of crude protein in cattle from chemical composition of feed. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia-Brazilian 37(12) : 2215–2221.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262624777.
Dhalika T, Mansyur, Budiman A. 2012. Evaluasi karbohidrat dan lemak batang tanaman pisang (Musa paradisiaca. Val) hasil fermentasi anaerob dengan suplementasi nitrogen dan sulfur sebagai bahan pakan ternak. Pastura 2(2) : 97–101. https://doi.org/10.24843/Pastura.2013.v02.i02.p10
Poppi DP, France J, McLennan SR. 1999. Intake, Passage and Digestibility. In : Feeding Systems and Feed Evaluation Models. 1st Ed. pp. 35-52.
Fardias S. 1988. Fisiologi Fermentasi. Lembaga Sumber Daya Informasi-IPB. Bogor.
Firmanto AD, Hartati E, Lestari GAY. 2020. Pengaruh pemberian pakan komplit fermentasi serasah gamal dan batang pisang terhadap konsumsi dan kecernaan serat kasar, konsentrasi vollatile fatty acid dan glukosa darah pada kambing kacang. Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan 7(2) : 161–171. https://doi.org/10.35508/nukleus.v7i2.2917
Golombeski GL, Kalscheur KF, Hippen AR, Schingoethe DJ. 2006. Slow-release urea and highly fermentable sugars in diets fed to lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89(11) : 4395–4403. 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72486-9
Hartadi H, Reksohadiprodjo S, Tillman AD. 2005. Tabel Komposisi Pakan untuk Indonesia. Cetakan Ke-5. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Highstreet A, Robinson PH, Robison J, Garrett JG. 2010. Response of Holstein cows to replacing urea with with a slowly rumen released urea in a diet high in soluble crude protein. Livestock Science 129(1–3) : 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.01.022
Jelantik IGN, Belli HLL. 2010. Effect of urea or coconut cake supplementation on nutrient intake and digestion of Bali cows maintained on tropical grass hay. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Dan Veteriner 15(3) : 196–204. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268268563
Jelantik IGN, Kune P, Nikolaus TT. 2004. A strategy for husbandry and supplementation during the dry season to reduce calf mortality and increase growth rate of bali cattle calves in East Nusa Tenggara Province. Final Report on Research for the Second Year for Hibah Bersaing Perguruan Tinggi for the Financial Year.
Jelantik IGN, Nikolaus TT, Penu CL. 2019. Memanfaatkan Padang Penggembalaan Alam untuk Meningkatkan Populasi dan Produktivitas Ternak Sapi di Daerah Lahan Kering. Myria Publisher.
Khasanah N. 2018. Pengaruh Substitusi bungkil kedelai dengan daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) terhadap kadar glukosa, trigliserida dan kolesterol darah kambing jawarandu pra sapih. Skripsi. Program Stusi Peternakan, Fakultas Peternakan dan Pertanian, Universitas Diponegoro.
Manfaati R. 2010. Kinetika dan variabel optimum fermentasi asam laktat dengan media campuran tepung tapioka dan limbah cair tahu oleh Rhizopus oryzae. Thesis S-2. Universitas Diponegoro.
http://eprints.undip.ac.id/25193/1/rintis.pdf
Maynard JK, Loosli LA, Hintz, H. F., Warner, R. G. 1979. Animal Nutrition. 6th Ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New Delhi.
McDonald P, Greenhalgh JFD, Edwards R, Morgan CA. 2002. Animal Nutrition. 6th Edit. New York.
Morrison M, Murray RM, Boniface AN. 1990. Nutrient metabolism and rumen micro-organisms in sheep fed a poor-quality tropical grass hay supplemented with sulphate. The Journal of Agricultural Science 115(2) : 269–275.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600075237
Multida I, Sari M, Nurlita S, Sudrajat. 2019. Pengaruh penambahan feses ayam dalam ransum terhadap peningkatan bobot badan ayam kampung unggul balitbangtan (ayam KUB). Jurnal Agroekoteknologi dan Agribisnis 3(1).
https://doi.org/10.51852/jaa.v3i1.384
Parakkasi A. 1999. Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak Ruminan. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia.
Pinto-Ruiz R, Alfonso-Ruiz E, Gomez-Castro H, Guevara-Hernández F, Ruiz-Sesma B, Jimenez-Trujillo JA. 2012. Quality of chicken manure as cattle feed and its effect on composition of cow’s milk and blood serum in a dry tropical pastoral system. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 11(2) : 289–294.
10.923/javaa.2012.289.294.
Preston TR, Leng RA. 1987. Matching Ruminant Production Systems with Available Resources in the Tropics and Sub-Tropics. Penambul Books. Armidale, Austarlia.
Quigley SP, Poppi DP, Budisantoso E, Dahlanuddin, Marsetyo, McLennan S, Pamungkas D, Panjaitan GMrT, Priyanti A. 2009. Strategies to Increase Growth of Weaned Bali Calves. Final Report Australian Center for International Agricultural Research. ACIAR GPO Box 1571 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia.
Radja AS, Kleden MM, Lestari GAY. 2020. Pengaruh suplementasi silase campuran sorghum-clitoria ternatea pada berbagai level konsentrat mengandung ZnSo4 dan Zn-Cu Isoleusinat terhadap fermentasi rumen kambing kacang. Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan 7(2) : 147–154.
https://doi.org/10.35508/nukleus.v7i2.3019
Riaz MQ, Südekum KH, Clauss M, Jayanegara A. 2014. Voluntary feed intake and digestibility of four domestic ruminant species as influenced by dietary constituents: A meta-analysis. Livestock Science 162 : 76–85.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.009
Rubianti A. 2014. Kajian level konsentrat dan perasan serat buah saboak terhadap retensi nitrogen dan energi pada sapi bali. In : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bandar Lampung, 19-21 Oktober 20154. pp. 103–110.
Russell RW, Gahr SA. 2000. Glucose availability and associated metabolism. In : D'Mello JPF. (Ed), Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. pp. 127–147. CABI Publishing: Edinburgh, UK. 10.1079/9780851993782.0121
Suparjo S, Wiryawan KG, Laconi EB, Mangunwidjaja D. 2011. Performa kambing yang diberi kulit buah kakao terfermentasi. Media Peternakan 34(1) : 35-41. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2011.34.1.35.
Suprijatna E, Atmomarsono U, Kartasudjana R. 2005. Ilmu Dasar Ternak Unggas. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Sutardi T. 1979. Ketahanan protein bahan makanan terhadap degradasi oleh mikroba rumen dan manfaatnya bagi peningkatan produktivitas ternak. Prosiding Seminar Penelitian dan Penunjang Peternakan, Bogor: LPP IPB.
Tedeschi LO, Cannas A, Solaiman SG, Vieira RAM, Gurung NK. 2012. Development and evaluation of empirical equations to predict ruminal fractional passage rate of forages in goats. The Journal of Agricultural Science 150(1) : 95–107.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859611000591
Tillman AD, Hartadi H, Reksohadiprodjo S, Prawirokusumo S, Lebdosoekojo S. 1998. Ilmu Makanan Ternak Dasar. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Vlaeminck B, Fievez V, Tamminga S, Dewhurst RJ, Van Vuuren A, De Brabander D, Demeyer D. 2006. Milk odd-and branched-chain fatty acids in relation to the rumen fermentation pattern. Journal of Dairy Science 89(10) : 3954–3964. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72437-7
Wijayanti E, Wahyono F, Surono. 2012. Kecernaan nutrien dan fermentabilitas pakan komplit dengan level ampas tebu yang berbeda secara in vitro. Animal Agriculture Journal 1(1) : 167–179. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/aaj/article/view/129.
Allen MS, Mertens DR. 1988. Evaluating constraints on fiber digestion by rumen microbes. The Journal of Nutrition 118(2) : 261–270.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/118.2.261
Amanullah MM, Sekar S, Muthukrishnan P. 2010. Prospects and potential of poultry manure. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 9(4) : 172–182.
10.3923/ajps.2010.172.182
Anggorodi R. 1979. Ilmu Makanan Ternak Umum. Gramedia, Jakarta.
Bamualim A. 1988. Prinsip-prinsip dalam pemberian makanan ternak sapi dalam prinsip dan metode penelitian. Kumpulan Materi Kursus Sub Balai Penelitian Ternak Lili, Kupang.
Barthelmai W, Czok R. 1962. Enzymatische bestimmungen der glucose in blut, liquor und harn. Klin Wochenschr 40 : 585-589. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01478633
Beba E, Jelantik IGN, Dato TOD. 2020. Pengaruh pemberian silase rumput kume dan daun markisa hutan (Pasiflora foetida) dengan imbangan yang berbeda terhadap konsumsi dan kencernaan serat, konsentrasi VFA cairan rumen dan kadar glukosa darah pada kambing kacang. Jurnal Peternakan Lahan Kering 2(2) : 834–843. https://doi.org/10.57089/jplk.v2i2.460
Bi S, Westerholm M, Qiao W, Xiong L, Mahdy A, Yin D, Song Y, Dong R. 2020. Metabolic performance of anaerobic digestion of chicken manure under wet, high solid and dry conditions. Bioresource Technology 296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122342
Broderick GA, Stevenson MJ, Patton RA. 2009. Effect of dietary protein concentration and degradability on response to rumen-protected methionine in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92(6) : 2719–2728. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1277
da Cruz de Carvalho M, Soeparno, Ngadiyono N. 2010. Pertumbuhan dan produksi karkas sapi Peranakan Ongole dan Simmental Peranakan Ongole jantan yang dipelihara secara feedlot. Buletin Peternakan 34(1) : 38-46.
10.21059/buletinpeternak.v34i1.105
Pond WG, Church DC, Pond KR, Schoknech TA. 1988. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. United States of America.
Detmann E, Magalhaes KA, Filho SV, Paulino MF, Henriques LT. 2008. Development of a bicompartimental sub model to estimate digestible fraction of crude protein in cattle from chemical composition of feed. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia-Brazilian 37(12) : 2215–2221.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262624777.
Dhalika T, Mansyur, Budiman A. 2012. Evaluasi karbohidrat dan lemak batang tanaman pisang (Musa paradisiaca. Val) hasil fermentasi anaerob dengan suplementasi nitrogen dan sulfur sebagai bahan pakan ternak. Pastura 2(2) : 97–101. https://doi.org/10.24843/Pastura.2013.v02.i02.p10
Poppi DP, France J, McLennan SR. 1999. Intake, Passage and Digestibility. In : Feeding Systems and Feed Evaluation Models. 1st Ed. pp. 35-52.
Fardias S. 1988. Fisiologi Fermentasi. Lembaga Sumber Daya Informasi-IPB. Bogor.
Firmanto AD, Hartati E, Lestari GAY. 2020. Pengaruh pemberian pakan komplit fermentasi serasah gamal dan batang pisang terhadap konsumsi dan kecernaan serat kasar, konsentrasi vollatile fatty acid dan glukosa darah pada kambing kacang. Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan 7(2) : 161–171. https://doi.org/10.35508/nukleus.v7i2.2917
Golombeski GL, Kalscheur KF, Hippen AR, Schingoethe DJ. 2006. Slow-release urea and highly fermentable sugars in diets fed to lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89(11) : 4395–4403. 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72486-9
Hartadi H, Reksohadiprodjo S, Tillman AD. 2005. Tabel Komposisi Pakan untuk Indonesia. Cetakan Ke-5. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Highstreet A, Robinson PH, Robison J, Garrett JG. 2010. Response of Holstein cows to replacing urea with with a slowly rumen released urea in a diet high in soluble crude protein. Livestock Science 129(1–3) : 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.01.022
Jelantik IGN, Belli HLL. 2010. Effect of urea or coconut cake supplementation on nutrient intake and digestion of Bali cows maintained on tropical grass hay. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Dan Veteriner 15(3) : 196–204. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268268563
Jelantik IGN, Kune P, Nikolaus TT. 2004. A strategy for husbandry and supplementation during the dry season to reduce calf mortality and increase growth rate of bali cattle calves in East Nusa Tenggara Province. Final Report on Research for the Second Year for Hibah Bersaing Perguruan Tinggi for the Financial Year.
Jelantik IGN, Nikolaus TT, Penu CL. 2019. Memanfaatkan Padang Penggembalaan Alam untuk Meningkatkan Populasi dan Produktivitas Ternak Sapi di Daerah Lahan Kering. Myria Publisher.
Khasanah N. 2018. Pengaruh Substitusi bungkil kedelai dengan daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) terhadap kadar glukosa, trigliserida dan kolesterol darah kambing jawarandu pra sapih. Skripsi. Program Stusi Peternakan, Fakultas Peternakan dan Pertanian, Universitas Diponegoro.
Manfaati R. 2010. Kinetika dan variabel optimum fermentasi asam laktat dengan media campuran tepung tapioka dan limbah cair tahu oleh Rhizopus oryzae. Thesis S-2. Universitas Diponegoro.
http://eprints.undip.ac.id/25193/1/rintis.pdf
Maynard JK, Loosli LA, Hintz, H. F., Warner, R. G. 1979. Animal Nutrition. 6th Ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New Delhi.
McDonald P, Greenhalgh JFD, Edwards R, Morgan CA. 2002. Animal Nutrition. 6th Edit. New York.
Morrison M, Murray RM, Boniface AN. 1990. Nutrient metabolism and rumen micro-organisms in sheep fed a poor-quality tropical grass hay supplemented with sulphate. The Journal of Agricultural Science 115(2) : 269–275.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600075237
Multida I, Sari M, Nurlita S, Sudrajat. 2019. Pengaruh penambahan feses ayam dalam ransum terhadap peningkatan bobot badan ayam kampung unggul balitbangtan (ayam KUB). Jurnal Agroekoteknologi dan Agribisnis 3(1).
https://doi.org/10.51852/jaa.v3i1.384
Parakkasi A. 1999. Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak Ruminan. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia.
Pinto-Ruiz R, Alfonso-Ruiz E, Gomez-Castro H, Guevara-Hernández F, Ruiz-Sesma B, Jimenez-Trujillo JA. 2012. Quality of chicken manure as cattle feed and its effect on composition of cow’s milk and blood serum in a dry tropical pastoral system. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 11(2) : 289–294.
10.923/javaa.2012.289.294.
Preston TR, Leng RA. 1987. Matching Ruminant Production Systems with Available Resources in the Tropics and Sub-Tropics. Penambul Books. Armidale, Austarlia.
Quigley SP, Poppi DP, Budisantoso E, Dahlanuddin, Marsetyo, McLennan S, Pamungkas D, Panjaitan GMrT, Priyanti A. 2009. Strategies to Increase Growth of Weaned Bali Calves. Final Report Australian Center for International Agricultural Research. ACIAR GPO Box 1571 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia.
Radja AS, Kleden MM, Lestari GAY. 2020. Pengaruh suplementasi silase campuran sorghum-clitoria ternatea pada berbagai level konsentrat mengandung ZnSo4 dan Zn-Cu Isoleusinat terhadap fermentasi rumen kambing kacang. Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan 7(2) : 147–154.
https://doi.org/10.35508/nukleus.v7i2.3019
Riaz MQ, Südekum KH, Clauss M, Jayanegara A. 2014. Voluntary feed intake and digestibility of four domestic ruminant species as influenced by dietary constituents: A meta-analysis. Livestock Science 162 : 76–85.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.009
Rubianti A. 2014. Kajian level konsentrat dan perasan serat buah saboak terhadap retensi nitrogen dan energi pada sapi bali. In : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bandar Lampung, 19-21 Oktober 20154. pp. 103–110.
Russell RW, Gahr SA. 2000. Glucose availability and associated metabolism. In : D'Mello JPF. (Ed), Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. pp. 127–147. CABI Publishing: Edinburgh, UK. 10.1079/9780851993782.0121
Suparjo S, Wiryawan KG, Laconi EB, Mangunwidjaja D. 2011. Performa kambing yang diberi kulit buah kakao terfermentasi. Media Peternakan 34(1) : 35-41. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2011.34.1.35.
Suprijatna E, Atmomarsono U, Kartasudjana R. 2005. Ilmu Dasar Ternak Unggas. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Sutardi T. 1979. Ketahanan protein bahan makanan terhadap degradasi oleh mikroba rumen dan manfaatnya bagi peningkatan produktivitas ternak. Prosiding Seminar Penelitian dan Penunjang Peternakan, Bogor: LPP IPB.
Tedeschi LO, Cannas A, Solaiman SG, Vieira RAM, Gurung NK. 2012. Development and evaluation of empirical equations to predict ruminal fractional passage rate of forages in goats. The Journal of Agricultural Science 150(1) : 95–107.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859611000591
Tillman AD, Hartadi H, Reksohadiprodjo S, Prawirokusumo S, Lebdosoekojo S. 1998. Ilmu Makanan Ternak Dasar. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Vlaeminck B, Fievez V, Tamminga S, Dewhurst RJ, Van Vuuren A, De Brabander D, Demeyer D. 2006. Milk odd-and branched-chain fatty acids in relation to the rumen fermentation pattern. Journal of Dairy Science 89(10) : 3954–3964. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72437-7
Wijayanti E, Wahyono F, Surono. 2012. Kecernaan nutrien dan fermentabilitas pakan komplit dengan level ampas tebu yang berbeda secara in vitro. Animal Agriculture Journal 1(1) : 167–179. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/aaj/article/view/129.
Published
2022-12-20
How to Cite
Lestari, G. A., Subih, I., Jalaludin, J., & Jelantik, I. G. (2022). PENGARUH PEMBERIAN HASIL FERMENTASI EKSTRAK BUAH LONTAR DAN FESES AYAM DALAM KONSENTRAT TERHADAP PEMANFAATAN ENERGI PADA TERNAK KAMBING (Effect of fermented palm fruits extract and chicken manure in concentrate on energy utilisation in goats). JURNAL NUKLEUS PETERNAKAN, 9(2), 157-167. https://doi.org/10.35508/nukleus.v9i2.8203
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2022 JURNAL NUKLEUS PETERNAKAN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
.jpg)
