COOPERATION AMONG COOPERATIVES AS AN INTER-COOPERATIVE LEARNING CAPABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM CROSS-CASE SYNTHESIS
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Issa G Ahmed(1*)
Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia
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Hussein H Laizer(2)
Department of Accounting and Finance, Moshi Co-operative University
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Emmanuel A Gwao(3)
Legal and Registration Section, Tanzania Cooperative Development Commission
(*) Corresponding Author
Keywords:
Capability Building, Cooperative Networks, Inter-Cooperation, Organizational Learning, Resilience
Abstract
This article reframes Principle 6 as an inter-cooperative learning capability and synthesizes how cooperation architectures convert solidarity into measurable economic and social value. Using secondary data, the study integrates a structured review of cooperative identity and policy guidance with cross-case synthesis of six widely documented cooperation models; evidence was triangulated from ICA, ILO, UN, the World Cooperative Monitor 2025, and publicly available organizational reports. Five recurring learning pathways emerge: purchasing and shared services; benchmarking and peer advisory systems; federation-enabled standard setting; joint ventures and platform cooperation; and capability building through training and mentorship. Pathways perform best when governance preserves member autonomy, uses transparent redistribution, and institutionalizes learning roles. Cooperation among cooperatives operates as a learn-and-scale system that strengthens governance, innovation, resilience, and SDG delivery. Limitation: reliance on secondary, publicly available evidence. Subsequent research should test the Inter-Cooperative Learning Capability framework with primary and longitudinal data.
Keywords: Capability Building; Cooperative Networks; Inter-Cooperation; Organizational Learning; Resilience
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References
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Jeon, J., & Jang, S. (2025). Inter-cooperative cooperation through the institutional logic. In Exploring Asian-Pacific Co-operatives in Theory and Practice: Resilience and Thriving between the State and the Market. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-23784-3.00019-3
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2020). Learning together and alone: Cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. Allyn & Bacon. Encyclopedia of Education and Information Technologies, (December).
Kanli, I. B. (2019). A solution proposal for car parking problems in cities: “Neighbourhood car parking cooperatives.” In Interdisciplinary Public Finance, Business and Economics Studies.
Kelly, M. M., Martin-Peters, T., & Farber, J. S. (2024). Secondary Data Analysis: Using existing data to answer new questions. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 38(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2024.03.005
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Meira, D. (2022). Cooperative Governance and Sustainability: An Analysis According to New Trends in European Cooperative Law. In Perspectives on Cooperative Law: Festschrift In Honour of Professor Hagen Henry. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1991-6_21
Meira, D. A., & Ramos, M. E. (2019). Projections of the principle of autonomy and independence in Portuguese cooperative legislation. Boletin de La Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, (55). https://doi.org/10.18543/baidc-55-2019pp135-170
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Wan, Z. (2019). Participant Selection and Access in Case Study Research. In Challenges and Opportunities in Qualitative Research: Sharing Young Scholars’ Experiences. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5811-1_5
Windsperger, J., Cliquet, G., Ehrmann, T., & Hendrikse, G. (2013). Introducing “Network governance: Alliances, cooperatives and franchise chains.” In Contributions to Management Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2867-2_1
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Zhong, Z., Zhang, C., Jia, F., & Bijman, J. (2018). Vertical coordination and cooperative member benefits: Case studies of four dairy farmers’ cooperatives in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.184
Zhu, Q., Wachenheim, C. J., Ma, Z., & Zhu, C. (2018). Supply chain re-engineering: A case study of the Tonghui Agricultural Cooperative in Inner Mongolia. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 21(1).
https://doi.org/10.22434/IFAMR2016.0095
Azeredo, G., Burcharth, A., & Wegner, D. (2024). The Impact of Governance Tensions on Disaffiliation from Interorganizational Networks. Administrative Sciences, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14060113
Belderbos, R., Carree, M., & Lokshin, B. (2004). Cooperative R&D and firm performance. Research Policy, 33(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.07.003
Beyers, F., & Leventon, J. (2021). Learning spaces in multi-stakeholder initiatives: The German Partnership for Sustainable Textiles as a platform for dialogue and learning? Earth System Governance, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2021.100113
Birchall, J. (2013). Resilience in a downturn: The power of financial cooperatives. International Labour Organization.
Birchall, J., & Ketilson, L. H. (2021). Resilience of the Cooperative Business Model in Times of Crisis Sustainable Enterprise Programme. In international Labor Organization.
Bodenstein Fouché, K., & Polo-Garrido, F. (2024). Corporate reporting by cooperatives: Mapping the landscape and identifying determinants. Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2024.100436
Brest, F., & Baruzzini, B. (2025). Knowledge Management in Argentine Free Software Cooperatives: Challenges and Perspectives. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 4055.
Brummer, V. (2018). Of expertise, social capital, and democracy: Assessing the organizational governance and decision-making in German Renewable Energy Cooperatives. Energy Research and Social Science, 37.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.039
Cracogna, D. (2021). Cooperation among cooperatives: Principle or need? Boletin de La Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, (59). https://doi.org/10.18543/baidc-59-2021pp75-87
de Miranda, J. E. (2022). Cooperativism, sense of community and social redemption. Boletin de La Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, (61). https://doi.org/10.18543/baidc.2480
Devenish, A. , & A. L. (2019). Bridges to better lives: SEWA’s community health workers, Women in Informal Employment. Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO). https://www.wiego.org/blog/bridges-better-lives-sewas-community-health-workers/
Dillenbourg, P. (2007). What do you mean by collaborative learning? What do you mean by “collaborative learning”? Elsevier.
Errasti, A., Bretos, I., & Etxezarreta, E. (2016). What Do Mondragon Coopitalist Multinationals Look Like? The Rise And Fall Of Fagor Electrodomésticos S. Coop. And Its European Subsidiaries. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 87(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12137
Faems, D., Van Looy, B., & Debackere, K. (2005). Interorganizational collaboration and innovation: Toward a portfolio approach. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 22(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0737-6782.2005.00120.x
Fajardo, G., Fici, A., Henrÿ, H., Hiez, D., Münkner, H.-H., & Snaith, I. (2012). New Study Group on European Cooperative Law: “Principles” Project. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2005019
Fajardo-García, G., Fici, A., Henrÿ, H., Hiez, D., Meira, D. A., Muenker, H.-H., & Snaith, I. (2017). Principles of European Cooperative Law. In Principles of European Cooperative Law. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781780686073
Fici, A. (2015). Cooperation among Cooperatives in Italian and Comparative Law. Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity, 4(2).
https://doi.org/10.5947/jeod.2015.011
Ghazinoori, A., Sandhu, M. S., & Sarker, A. (2024). Institutional view of corporate social responsibility in the Iranian context. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-02-2023-0050
Guo, J., & Liu, M. (2022). Experimental state rescaling, goal-oriented governance, and urban transformation in China: The case of Lanzhou. Geoforum, 137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2022.10.012
Hernández-Espallardo, M., Rodríguez-Orejuela, A., & Sánchez-Pérez, M. (2010). Inter-organizational governance, learning and performance in supply chains. Supply Chain Management, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/13598541011028714
ICA. (2015). Guidance Notes to the Co-operative Principles. https://ica.coop/sites/default/files/basic-page-attachments/guidance-notes-en-221700169.pdf
ICA. (2024). Facts and figures. International Co-Operative Alliance.
ICA. (2025a). Case studies: Health cooperatives building better lives. https://ica.coop/en/newsroom/news/case-studies-health-cooperatives-building-better-lives
ICA. (2025b). ICA 2026–2030 strategy: Practice, Promote and Protect, ICA’s Strategic Plan to Empower the Future of Cooperatives. International Co-Operative Alliance.
ICA, & Euricse. (2025). World cooperative monitor 2025.
https://monitor.coop/en/media/library/research-and-reviews-world-cooperative-monitor/world-cooperative-monitor-2025-edition
ILO. (2002). Promotion of Cooperatives Recommendation, 2002 (No. 193). https://base.socioeco.org/docs/ilo-res_193-1.pdf
ILO. (2024). Cooperatives and the Sustainable Development Goals A Contribution to the Post-2015 Development Debate A Policy Brief.
ILO. (2025a). Advancing cooperative statistics: ILO unveils new information guide and handbook. International Labour Organization.
https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/advancing-cooperative-statistics-ilo-unveils-new-information-guide-and
ILO. (2025b). Cooperatives and the Sustainable Development Goals: A contribution to the post-2015 development debate. https://www.ilo.org/media/449111/download
International Co-operative Alliance. (2025). Definition and Cooperative identity, values and principles. . Retrieved from https://ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity/
International Health Cooperative Organization. (2022). Cooperatives in the Health Sector. https://health.coop/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Coops_in_the_health_sector_EN.pdf
Jeon, J., & Jang, S. (2025). Inter-cooperative cooperation through the institutional logic. In Exploring Asian-Pacific Co-operatives in Theory and Practice: Resilience and Thriving between the State and the Market. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-23784-3.00019-3
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2020). Learning together and alone: Cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. Allyn & Bacon. Encyclopedia of Education and Information Technologies, (December).
Kanli, I. B. (2019). A solution proposal for car parking problems in cities: “Neighbourhood car parking cooperatives.” In Interdisciplinary Public Finance, Business and Economics Studies.
Kelly, M. M., Martin-Peters, T., & Farber, J. S. (2024). Secondary Data Analysis: Using existing data to answer new questions. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 38(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2024.03.005
Maldonado Ibarra, O. A., Langle-Flores, A., Chávez-Dagostino, R. M., Bravo-Olivas, M. L., & Aguilar Rodríguez, A. (2025). Collaborative governance in practice: power, networks and inclusion in a biocultural landscape. Environmental Conservation. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892925100258
Meira, D. (2022). Cooperative Governance and Sustainability: An Analysis According to New Trends in European Cooperative Law. In Perspectives on Cooperative Law: Festschrift In Honour of Professor Hagen Henry. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1991-6_21
Meira, D. A., & Ramos, M. E. (2019). Projections of the principle of autonomy and independence in Portuguese cooperative legislation. Boletin de La Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, (55). https://doi.org/10.18543/baidc-55-2019pp135-170
Meydan, C. H., & Akkaş, H. (2024). The role of triangulation in qualitative research: Converging perspectives. In Principles of Conducting Qualitative Research in Multicultural Settings. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3306-8.ch006
Miric, A. A. (2012). Knowledge transfer and organizational learning through strategic alliances: Theoretical review and research perspectives. In Knowledge Transfer: Practices, Types and Challenges.
Mondragon Corporation. (2024). Annual report 2023: Humanity at work. https://www.mondragon-corporation.com/people/site/assets/files/103207/annual-report-2023.pdf
National Co+op Grocers. (2023). Background on NCG and opportunities to join and participate. https://www.ncg.coop/sites/default/files/NCG_Background_and_Membership_Information_2023.pdf
Novkovic, S., & Rodrigues, J. M. (2025). Cooperative network governance innovations for circular economy. Journal of Co-Operative Organization and Management, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2025.100271
Prabhu, G. N. (2020). Teaching The Scope and Limits Of Generalizability In Qualitative Research. New Trends in Qualitative Research, 1.
https://doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.1.2020.186-192
Ratten, V., Marques, C. S., & Braga, V. (2018). Knowledge, learning and innovation: research into cross-sector collaboration. In Contributions to Management Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59282-4_1
Rubio, M. A. (2021). Taxation of second-degree cooperatives in the common State tax system and the Basque regional tax system. Boletin de La Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, (59). https://doi.org/10.18543/baidc-59-2021pp129-147
Sacchetti, S., & Tortia, E. (2016). The Extended Governance Of Cooperative Firms: Inter-Firm Coordination And Consistency Of Values. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 87(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12058
United Nations General Assembly. (2024). International Year of Cooperatives, 2025 (A/RES/78/289). https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/78/289
W. Johnson, D., & T. Johnson, R. (2019). Cooperative Learning: The Foundation for Active Learning. In Active Learning - Beyond the Future.
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81086
Wan, Z. (2019). Participant Selection and Access in Case Study Research. In Challenges and Opportunities in Qualitative Research: Sharing Young Scholars’ Experiences. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5811-1_5
Windsperger, J., Cliquet, G., Ehrmann, T., & Hendrikse, G. (2013). Introducing “Network governance: Alliances, cooperatives and franchise chains.” In Contributions to Management Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2867-2_1
Windsperger, J., Hendrikse, G. W. J., Cliquet, G., & Ehrmann, T. (2018). Governance and strategy of entrepreneurial networks: an introduction. Small Business Economics, 50(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9888-0
Xiao, Z., Dong, X., & Zou, J. (2025). Enhancing clinical information processing with ICRE: an intelligent chain-refinement extraction framework for precision data mining. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-025-00752-9
Zhong, Z., Zhang, C., Jia, F., & Bijman, J. (2018). Vertical coordination and cooperative member benefits: Case studies of four dairy farmers’ cooperatives in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.184
Zhu, Q., Wachenheim, C. J., Ma, Z., & Zhu, C. (2018). Supply chain re-engineering: A case study of the Tonghui Agricultural Cooperative in Inner Mongolia. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 21(1).
https://doi.org/10.22434/IFAMR2016.0095
Published
2026-03-01
How to Cite
Ahmed, I., Laizer, H., & Gwao, E. (2026). COOPERATION AMONG COOPERATIVES AS AN INTER-COOPERATIVE LEARNING CAPABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM CROSS-CASE SYNTHESIS. Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), 19(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.35508/jom.v19i1.27211
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