THE EFFECT OF WOMEN’S PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND WOMEN’S EXPECTED YEARS OF SCHOOLING ON THE NUMBER OF POOR PEOPLE IN INDONESIA: A HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE
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Muhammad Iqbal Al Farizi(1*)
Department of Management, Faculty of Economics Business and Politics, Muhammadiyah University of East Kalimantan
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Achmad Efendi(2)
Department of Management, Faculty of Economics Business and Politics, Muhammadiyah University of East Kalimantan
(*) Corresponding Author
Keywords:
Women’s Per Capita Expenditure, Expected Years of Schooling, Poverty, Human Resource Development
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the influence of women’s per capita expenditure and women’s expected years of schooling on the number of poor people in Indonesia. The research uses a quantitative approach with secondary time-series data obtained from official publications of the Badan Pusat Statistik covering the period 2014–2024. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression after conducting classical assumption tests to ensure the reliability of the model. The results show that women’s per capita expenditure has a negative influence on poverty, indicating that higher levels of women’s economic welfare tend to reduce the number of poor people. Meanwhile, women’s expected years of schooling show a positive but not significant relationship with poverty. Overall, both variables together contribute to explaining variations in poverty levels. These findings suggest that improving women’s economic conditions plays an important role in poverty reduction efforts. However, this study is limited by the relatively short observation period. Therefore, future research is recommended to expand the observation period and include additional variables to obtain more comprehensive results regarding the factors influencing poverty in Indonesia.
Keywords: Women’s Per Capita Expenditure; Expected Years of Schooling; Poverty; Human Resource Development
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References
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Arya, D., Rochmawati, L., & Sonhaji, I. (2020). Koefisien Korelasi (R) dan Koefisien Determinasi (R2). Jurnal Penelitian, 5(4), 289–296.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46491/jp.v5i4.544
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024a). Angka Harapan Lama Sekolah (HLS) menurut Jenis Kelamin. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/NDU3IzI=/angka-harapan-lama-sekolah--hls--menurut-jenis-kelamin--tahun-.html
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Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024c). Jumlah Penduduk Miskin (Ribu Jiwa) Menurut Provinsi dan Daerah. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MTg1IzI=/jumlah-penduduk-miskin--ribu-jiwa--menurut-provinsi-dan-daerah.html
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024d). Pengeluaran Per Kapita yang Disesuaikan menurut Jenis Kelamin (Ribu Rupiah/Orang/Tahun). Badan Pusat Statistik.
https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/NDYxIzI=/pengeluaran-per-kapita-yang-disesuaikan-menurut-jenis-kelamin--ribu-rupiah-orang-tahun-.html
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. In University of Chicago Press, Chicago (3rd Editio, Vols. s1-IV, Issue 92). University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s1-IV.92.83-a
Bella, T. A. S., Martodiryo, S., Permatasari, M. A., & Ratumbuysang, M. F. N. G. (2025). Analisis rata-rata lama sekolah dan pengeluaran per kapita sebagai pembentuk Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) di Kabupaten
Tabalong. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi (JUPE), 13(3), 225–233. https://doi.org/10.26740/jupe.v13n3.p225-233
FAO. (2011). The State of Food and Agriculture 2010–2011: Women in Agriculture – Closing the Gender Gap for Development. In Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44988-9_8
Giotis, G., Gogas, T., & Gouda, K. (2025). Education and Employment. Encyclopedia, 5(2), 85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/education5020085
Imam, G.(2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS (Edisi 9). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponogoro.
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2019). Work for a Brighter Future: Global Commission on the Future of Work. International Labour Office (ILO).
Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
Karlina, R., & Munandar, Y. (2021). Urgensi Penurunan Ketimpangan Gender Dalam Menanggulangi Kemiskinan di Jawa Timur. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penanggulangan Kemiskinan, 1(1), 117–156.
Laura, P. D. (2012). Human Resource Management. In Saylor Academy. Saylor Academy. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035346745.00016
Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and Personality. In Motivation and personality.
McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society. D. Van Nostrand Company.
OECD. (2018). Opportunities for All: A Framework for Policy Action on Inclusive Growth. In OECD Publishing (Vol. 54, Issue 4). OECD Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1049/ep.1982.0286
Pramudiati, R., Prasetya, I. N., & Nusron. (2024). Hypothesis Testing in Multiple Regression Analysis Using t‑Test and F‑Test. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan (JAK), 12(2), 179–190. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22437/jak.v12i2.16111
Rohman, A., & Kurnia M, F. (2024). The Influence of Human Resource Management and Welfare Policy on Improving Employee Performance At Pt. Arisco Mandiri. Jurnal Ekonomi Ichsan Sidenreng Rappang, 3(2), 321–330.
https://doi.org/10.61912/jeinsa.v3i2.74
Sari, R. C., & Widyawati, R. F. (2025). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, pendidikan, dan kesehatan terhadap pembangunan manusia di Indonesia tahun 2016–2023. Economie: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 7(2), 33–49.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30742/ekonomie.v7i2.4690
Schultz, T. W. (1961). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. In The University of Chicago Press (Vol. 32, Issue 3).
Sen, A. (1999). On Economic Inequality Employment, Technology and Development Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation Choice, Welfare and Management Resources, Values and Development Commodities and Capabilities The Standard of Living On Ethics and E. Oxford University Press.
Sholihah, S. M., Aditiya, N. Y., & Evani, Elsa Saphira; Maghfiroh, S. (2023). Konsep Uji Asumsi Klasik Pada Regresi Linier Berganda. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Soedirman. https://doi.org/10.32424/1.jras.2023.2.2.10792
Sugiyono. (2023). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. In ALFABETA.
Sulistiyowati, & Agusalim, L. (2023). Covid-19, Ketimpangan Gender, Dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi: Studi Empiris Indonesia. Sosio Informa, 9(2), 173–196.
Sumual, T., Lumapow, H., & Rotty, V. (2024). The Role of Human Capital Investment in Improving the Quality of Human Resources (HR) in Education in the Digital Era. Asian Journal of Engineering, Social and Health, 3(11), 2520–2528. https://doi.org/10.46799/ajesh.v3i11.449
Susantinah, N., Krishernawan, I., & Murthada. (2023). Human Resource Management (HRM) Strategy in Improving Organisational Innovation. Journal of Contemporary Administration and Management (ADMAN), 1(3), 201–207.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61100/adman.v1i3.80
Todaro, M. P. & Smith, S. C. (2015). Economic Development. In Pearson Education. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315774206-29
UNDP. (2010). Human Development Report 2010 The Real Wealth of Nations : Pathways to Human Development. In Human Development (Vol. 21). http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf
UNDP. (2019). Human Development Report 2019: Beyond Income, beyond Averages, beyond Today. In United Nations Development Program.
UNESCO. (2020). Global Education Monitoring Report 2020: Inclusion and Education – All Means All. In UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). https://doi.org/10.54676/jjnk6989
United Nations. (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In United Nations Development Program.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07461-5_1
Wei, W., Sarker, T., Żukiewicz-Sobczak, W., Roy, R., Monirul Alam, G. M., Rabbany, M. G., Hossain, M. S., & Aziz, N. (2021). The influence of women’s empowerment on poverty reduction in the rural areas of Bangladesh: Focus on health, education and living standard. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136909
World Bank. (2020). Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1602-4
Yacoub, Y., Fitriana, A., Linanda, P., & Sumaryanti, A. (2023). Pengaruh Kualitas Perempuan Dan Pemberdayaan Perempuan Terhadap Kemiskinan Perempuan Di Kalimantan Barat. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Seminar Akademik Tahunan Ilmu Ekonomi Dan Studi Pembangunan, 6, 16–27.
Yuslin, H., & Irfan, A. (2022). Kesetaraan Gender di Bidang Pendidikan dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. 15(1), 29–37.
Published
2026-03-23
How to Cite
Al Farizi, M., & Efendi, A. (2026). THE EFFECT OF WOMEN’S PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND WOMEN’S EXPECTED YEARS OF SCHOOLING ON THE NUMBER OF POOR PEOPLE IN INDONESIA: A HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE. Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), 19(1), 883-900. https://doi.org/10.35508/jom.v19i1.27717
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