Influence of transformational leadership on affective commitment and job performance: mediation by engagement and trust
-
Lamin Saidyjeng(1*)
Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia
-
Riani Rachmawati(2)
Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Keywords:
Transformational Leadership, Employee Engagement, University of The Gambia, Affective Organizational Commitment
Abstract
This study examines the effects of transformational leadership on affective organizational commitment and job performance, while investigating the parallel mediating roles of employee engagement and trust in leadership among academic and administrative staff at the University of The Gambia. Using survey data from 201 respondents and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis, the findings reveal that transformational leadership positively and significantly influences employee engagement, trust in leadership, and affective organizational commitment. However, no direct effect on job performance was observed. The results further demonstrate that employee engagement and trust in leadership significantly mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and job performance, while partially mediating the relationship with affective organizational commitment. These findings suggest that transformational leaders enhance employee outcomes indirectly by cultivating trust and fostering engagement. This study contributes empirical evidence from a West African higher education context, offering practical implications for university administrators seeking to strengthen staff retention and institutional effectiveness through leadership development initiatives.
Keywords: Transformational Leadership; Employee Engagement; University of The Gambia; Affective Organizational Commitment
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References
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Leesmidt, K., & Jarunratanakul, P. (2022). Buddhist compassionate leadership and employee psychological outcomes: The mediating role of trust in leader on Thai financial services employees. Kasetsart Journal of Social
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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-02056-7_77
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Tourism Management, 45(June), 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.07.002
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Al Riyami, S. (2024). Understanding Psychological Safety to Enhance a Better Working Environment. Society of Petroleum Engineers - SPE International Health, Safety, Environment and Sustainability Conference and Exhibition, HSE 2024. https://doi.org/10.2118/220399-MS
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective , continuance and normative commitment to the organization. 1–18.
Almahasneh, Y. A. S., Rahman, M. S. B. A., Omar, K. B., & Zulkiffli, S. N. A. (2022). The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction And Affective Commitment Toward Organizational Behavior. Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review, 6(4 Special Issue), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv6i4sip7
Arulsenthilkumar S, & N, P. (2024). Mediating Role of Employee Engagement: Job Involvement, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment. Management and Labour Studies, 49(2), 293–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042X231202632
Barkat, W., Waris, I., Ahmed, R., & Dad, M. (2024). Transformational leadership and frontline managers work engagement, innovative work behavior, organizational citizenship behavior, and employee sustainability in the hotel industry in Pakistan. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 23(2), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2024.2282217
Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M., & Diehl, M.-R. (2017). Social exchange theory: Where is trust? In The Routledge Companion to Trust (pp. 197–217).
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315745572
Dai, Y.-D., Dai, Y.-Y., Chen, K.-Y., & Wu, H.-C. (2013). Transformational vs transactional leadership: which is better? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(5), 760–778. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-Dec-2011-0223
Daniel, C., & Gentina, É. (2025). L’engagement en pleine conscience : une étude des effets de la pleine conscience sur l’engagement organisationnel affectif. Revue de Gestion Des Ressources Humaines, n° 137(3), 39–57.
https://doi.org/10.54695/grhu.137.0039
Dube, N., & Ndofirepi, T. M. (2024). Academic staff commitment in the face of a role (im)balance between work and personal life: can job satisfaction help? European Journal of Management Studies, 29(1), 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMS-08-2022-0048
Eaton, L., Bridgman, T., & Cummings, S. (2024). Advancing the democratization of work: A new intellectual history of transformational leadership theory. Leadership, 20(3), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/17427150241232705
Eva, N., Newman, A., Miao, Q., Wang, D., & Cooper, B. (2020). Antecedents of Duty Orientation and Follower Work Behavior: The Interactive Effects of Perceived Organizational Support and Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 161(3), 627–639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3948-5
García-cruz, J., & Valle-cabrera, R. (2025). From Organisation’s Affective Commitment to Employees’ Extra Role Behaviour: A Sequential Effect. 41, 65–73.
Ghauri, E. (2025). The Disillusion of Organisational Effectiveness and Performance: Making of a Polytechnic Giant. Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v20i1-05
Gittell, J. H., Seidner, R., & Wimbush, J. (2010). A Relational Model of How High-Performance Work Systems Work. Organization Science, 21(2), 490–506. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0446
Håvold, O. K. S., Håvold, J. I., & Glavee-Geo, R. (2021). Trust in leaders, work satisfaction and work engagement in public hospitals. International Journal of Public Leadership, 17(2), 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-07-2020-0061
Helalat, A., Sharari, H., Alhelalat, J., & Al-Aqrabawi, R. (2025). Transformational Leadership And Employee Performance: A Further Insight Using Work Engagement. Economics - Innovative and Economics Research Journal, 13(1), 333–352. https://doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2025-0015
Homans, G. C. (1958). (1958). Social Behavior as Exchange. American Journal of Sociology. Kanal: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 13(1), 56–63.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1086/222355
Ike, O. O., Attamah, I. J., & Eze, I. C. (2024). Employee voice behaviour: a pathway to effective transformational leadership and employee work engagement. International Journal of Environment, Workplace and Employment, 8(2), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEWE.2024.141573
Indu, P., Vidhukumar, K., Chacko, D., Menon, V., Grover, S., & Gupta, S. (2025). Criterion validity, construct validity, and factor analysis: An introductory overview. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 67(9), 916–921.
https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry_911_25
Jameel, A., Guo, W., Hussain, A., & Kanwel, S. (2025). Enhancing innovative work behavior through transformational leadership in tourism and hospitality employees: the mediating role of intrinsic motivation and employee creativity. BMC Psychology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03305-8
Jiatong, W., Wang, Z., Alam, M., Murad, M., Gul, F., & Gill, S. A. (2022). The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Affective Organizational Commitment and Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Employee Engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831060
Kim, M. (2016). Social Exchange Theory. In The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy (pp. 1–9). Wiley.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect115
Krasniqi, V., & Hoxha, A. (2025). The Effect of Empowering Leadership on Work Engagement and Boredom at Work: A Multilevel Study. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 15(2), 474. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2025-0074
Kunte, M., Singh, D. K., Meshram, J., & Chhettri, N. (2025). Understanding the Correlation Between Remote Working and Flow Experience: Analysing Job Satisfaction, Turnover Rate and Employee Engagement in Remote Conditions. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 19(1), 222–243.
https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v19i1.12
Leesmidt, K., & Jarunratanakul, P. (2022). Buddhist compassionate leadership and employee psychological outcomes: The mediating role of trust in leader on Thai financial services employees. Kasetsart Journal of Social
Sciences, 43(3), 599–604. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2022.43.3.09
Legood, A., van der Werff, L., Lee, A., den Hartog, D., & van Knippenberg, D. (2023). A Critical Review of the Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Empirical Literature on Cognition-Based and Affect-Based Trust. Journal of Management Studies, 60(2), 495–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12811
Leung., et al. (2001). When is criticism not constructive? The roles of fairness perceptions and dispositional attributions in employee acceptance of critical supervisory feedback. Human Relations, 54(9), 1155-1187. https://doi.org/0018-7267(200109)54:9
Lhaden, K., & Dimas, I. D. (2025). Why do I (not) trust my employees? Predicting factors for leaders’ trust in employees. International Studies of Management and Organization, 55(3), 344–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2024.2441619
Liu, X., Kassa, A., & Tekleab, A. G. (2025). Are intrateam trust and organizational trust substitutable? Effects on team reflexivity, engagement and performance. Journal of Business Research, 189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.115164
Maximo, N., Stander, M. W., & Coxen, L. (2019). Authentic leadership and work engagement: The indirect effects of psychological safety and trust in supervisors. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 45(0), 11.
https://sajip.co.za/index.php/sajip/article/view/1612/2412
McLean, W., & Acharya, T. (2025). Expectancy Theory. In Public Administration and Organization Theory (pp. 48–57). Routledge India.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003600237-6
Montenegro Méndez, S., Laguía González, A., & Moriano León, J. A. (2025). Is Leadership a Resource? A Systematic Review of Its Role in Burnout and Engagement Among Nurses Within the JD‐R Model. Journal of Nursing Management, 2025(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/jonm/8853148
Mtsweni, E. S., & Mhlana, S. S. (2025). Role of Leaders’ Trust on Work Passion and Affective Commitment of the Members of the Software Development Organisations. International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals, 16(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJHCITP.394324
Musleh, N., & Cross, C. (2025). Social exchange theory. In Theories and Concepts in Work and Employment Relations (pp. 92–98). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035316205.00019
Park, J., Han, S. J., Kim, J., & Kim, W. (2022). Structural relationships among transformational leadership, affective organizational commitment, and job performance: the mediating role of employee engagement. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(9), 920–936. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-10-2020-0149
Peng, S., Liao, Y., & Sun, R. (2020). The Influence of Transformational Leadership on Employees’ Affective Organizational Commitment in Public and Nonprofit Organizations: A Moderated Mediation Model. Public Personnel Management, 49(1), 29–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026019835233
Pitichat, T., & Riggio, R. E. (2025). In Leadership Theories, Frameworks, and Approaches in Practice (pp. 133–144). Emerald Publishing Limited.
https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83708-948-220251020
Princy, J., Samyuktha, S. K., Mekala, P., Jagatheeswari, S., & Manochithra, P. (2026). Work Motivation and Organisational Commitment Influencing Job Performance of Employees Working in Select Information Technology Companies. In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control (Vol. 620, pp. 945–960).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-02056-7_77
Rai, S. S., & Koodamara, N. K. (2025). How does trust in leader influences organizational commitment? A test of a moderated mediation model. Acta Psychologica, 257, 105092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105092
Rosário, A. T., & Casaca, J. A. (2025). The Importance of Trust in Relationship Marketing: A Literature Review. Micro and Macro Marketing, 34(3), 593–620. https://doi.org/10.1431/117308
Sinha, B. C. (2021). Employee Engagement, “Myth or Reality”? In Sustainable and Responsible Entrepreneurship and Key Drivers of Performance (pp. 136–146). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7951-0.ch008
Suhartini, H., & Sary, F. P. (2025). Empowering performance through engagement: the mediating role of employee engagement in the relationship between transformational leadership, self-directed learning, and employee performance in the cosmetics industry. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 37(7), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2025.148560
Tang, P., Lai, J. Y. M., Chen, X., & Fu, S. F. I. (2024). Coworkers’ responses to knowledge sharing: the moderating role of a knowledge contributor’s job competence. The Learning Organization, 31(5), 673–692. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-11-2022-0129
Udin, U. (2023). A mediation-moderation model of transformational leadership and intrinsic work motivation for nurturing employee performance. Journal of Social Economics Research, 10(2), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.18488/35.v10i2.3321
Utomo, H. J. N., Muafi, M., & Isna, D. K. (2025). Performance: Trust, efficacy, and job satisfaction as mediators. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 23. https://doi.org/10.4102/SAJHRM.v23i0.3216
Wang, C., Xu, J., Zhang, T. C., & Li, Q. M. (2020). Effects of professional identity on turnover intention in China’s hotel employees: The mediating role of employee engagement and job satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality and
Tourism Management, 45(June), 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.07.002
Yang, Y., Kuria, G. N., & Gu, D.-X. (2020). Mediating Role of Trust Between Leader Communication Style and Subordinate’s Work Outcomes in Project Teams. Engineering Management Journal, 32(3), 152–165.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10429247.2020.1733380
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Published
2026-07-27
How to Cite
Saidyjeng, L., & Rachmawati, R. (2026). Influence of transformational leadership on affective commitment and job performance: mediation by engagement and trust. Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), 19(2), 1923-1941. https://doi.org/10.35508/jom.v19i2.29353
Section
Articles
