Work procrastination and work-life balance as predictors of employee performance: evidence from a state-owned logistics company in Surabaya
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Alyyah Rahma Putri Hani(1*)
Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur
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Dewi Khrisna Sawitri(2)
Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur
(*) Corresponding Author
Keywords:
Employee Performance, Work Procrastination, Work-Life Balance
Abstract
Sustaining employee performance has become a strategic priority for organizations operating in highly demanding and competitive environments. Over the past three years, a state-owned logistics organization in Surabaya has experienced a consistent decline in employee productivity, underscoring the need to identify key behavioral and organizational factors influencing performance outcomes. This study examines the effects of work procrastination and work–life balance on employee performance within the organization. Adopting a quantitative research design and a census sampling approach, the study involved all 112 employees as respondents. Data were collected through structured questionnaires employing a five-point Likert scale and supported by semi-structured interviews and direct field observations. The proposed relationships were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS software. The findings reveal that work procrastination has a significant negative effect on employee performance, indicating that delays in task completion adversely affect productivity and work outcomes. Conversely, work–life balance positively and significantly influences employee performance, suggesting that employees who achieve a better balance between professional and personal responsibilities are more likely to perform effectively. Collectively, both variables explain 65.4% of the variance in employee performance, demonstrating substantial predictive power. The study contributes to the organizational behavior and human resource management literature by highlighting the dual importance of minimizing counterproductive work behaviors and fostering employee well-being to enhance performance. These findings offer practical implications for managers in state-owned enterprises seeking to improve organizational effectiveness through targeted interventions that reduce workplace procrastination and promote work–life balance initiatives.
Keywords: Employee Performance; Work Procrastination; Work-Life Balance
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References
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Badrianto, Y., & Ekhsan, M. (2021). Pengaruh work-life balance terhadap kinerja karyawan yang dimediasi komitmen organisasi. Jesya (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Ekonomi Syariah), 4(2), 951–962. https://doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v4i2.460
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Eshun, E. F., & Segbenya, M. (2024). Work–life balance and employee performance in public sector organisations. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 32(1), 1–20.
Fajari, M. S., & Irbayuni, S. (2024). The influence of compensation and work-life balance on employee performance at Suweger Indonesia in Surabaya City. Green Inflation: International Journal of Management and Strategic Business, 2(1), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.61132/greeninflation.v2i1.172
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Husna, L. U., & Prasetya, B. P. (2025). Pengaruh motivasi dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan PT. Mitra Sakti Boshe VVIP Club Yogyakarta. Jurnal Bintang Manajemen, 2(2), 19–28.
Inegbedion, H. E. (2024). Work-life balance and employee commitment: Mediating effect of job satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1349555. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1349555
Kurnia, C., & Widigdo, A. M. N. (2021). Effect of work-life balance, job demand, job insecurity on employee performance at PT Jaya Lautan Global with employee well-being as a mediation variable. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(5), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.5.948
Liana, E., Supardi, & Susanto, P. C. (2025). Determinasi work-life balance dan kinerja karyawan pada perusahaan kargo internasional di Jakarta. Jurnal Ilmiah M-Progress, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.35968/m-pu.v15i1.1388
Mahardika, A. A., Ingarianti, T. M., & Zulfiana, U. (2022). Work-life balance pada karyawan generasi Z. Collabryzk Journal for Scientific Studies, 1, 1–16.
Mathis, R. L., & Jackson, J. H. (2006). Human resource management: Manajemen sumber daya manusia (D. Angelia, Trans.). Salemba Empat.
McDonald, P., & Bradley, L. (2005). The case for work/life balance: Closing the gap between policy and practice. Hudson Highland Group.
Metin, U. B., Peeters, M. C. W., & Taris, T. W. (2018). Correlates of procrastination and performance at work: The role of having 'good fit'. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(3), 228–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2018.1470187
Mubaraq, A., & Muthalib, D. A. (2025). Pengaruh work family conflict, work life balance dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan wanita Bank Sultra Kantor Pusat. Journal of Economic and Business, 8(1), 97–109.
Musteatǎ, A., & Holman, A. (2025). Factors of workplace procrastination: A systematic review. Social Sciences, 14(6), 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14060380
Nurutomo, H. J., Pradhika, A. M., Pujiastuti, E. E., & Sugiarto, M. (2025). Work-family conflict and work-life balance as predictors of employee performance in the manufacturing industry. Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies, 8(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefims/v8-i1-05
Patricia, K. A., & Sawitri, D. K. (2024). Pengaruh work-life balance dan work stress terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan mediasi emotional exhaustion. Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting (COSTING), 7(5), 1341–1347. https://doi.org/10.31539/costing.v7i5.11871
Prasad, K., Vaidya, R., & Kumar, A. (2025). Work-life balance and employee performance: Mediating role of work stress and psychological well-being. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness, 12(2), 110–130.
Preena, G. R., & Preena, G. R. (2023). Impact of work-life balance on employee performance: An empirical study on a shipping company in Sri Lanka. Journal of Human Resource Management Studies, 5(2), 112–120.
Puryana, P., & Ramdani, T. (2022). Pengaruh work life balance dan work capability terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Bakti Adikarya Sejahtera. Proceeding FRIMA (Festival Riset Ilmiah Manajemen dan Akuntansi), 3(1), 720–747. https://doi.org/10.55916/frima.v0i3.334
Rahmawati, G. O. (2021). Peran work life balance dan motivasi ekstrinstik terhadap kinerja karyawan perempuan. Seminar Nasional Pertumbuhan Ekonomi 2021, 2(1), 1–9.
Rizaldi, M., & Santoso, B. (2024). Pengaruh work life balance, stres kerja dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja perawat Rumah Sakit Mata Undaan. ManBiz: Journal of Management and Business, 2(3), 158–163.
https://doi.org/10.47467/manbiz.v2i3.3818
Sari, I. M., & Indrawan, M. I. (2023). The influence of work-life balance and role conflict on employee performance with organizational commitment as an intervening variable at BPJS Employment Northern Sumatra Region. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 1(4), 261–272.
https://doi.org/10.47353/ijema.v1i4.56
Sari, N. M. D., Parwita, G. B. S., & Puspitawati, N. M. D. (2025). Pengaruh self efficacy, work family conflict, dan work life balance terhadap kinerja karyawan pada CV. Sada Bali Sejahtera. Emas, 6(8), 1983–1996.
https://doi.org/10.36733/emas.v6i8.12458
Setyaningrum, D., & Saifudin. (2024). The role of Islamic work culture in moderating the influence of overtime work, empowerment, and procrastination on employee performance. Al-Muraqabah: Journal of Management and Sharia Business, 4(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.30762/almuraqabah.v4i1.1339
Setyawan, A., & Triyanti, A. (2020). The effect of organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior on employee performance with employee engagement as an intervening variable in BPR. Journal of Business Studies and Management Review, 4(1), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.22437/jbsmr.v4i1.11675
Sofwan, M. S., & Kustini, K. (2025). Pengaruh work-life balance dan emotional exhaustion terhadap kinerja perawat wanita di Rumah Sakit Baptis Kediri. JEMSI: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, dan Sistem Informasi, 7(1), 334–346. https://doi.org/10.38035/jemsi.v7i1
Steel, P., Svartdal, F., Thundiyil, T., & Brothen, T. (2022). Examining procrastination across multiple goal stages: A longitudinal study of temporal motivation theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.919097
Sugiyono. (2022). Metode penelitian kuantitatif. Alfabeta
Suryawan, I. M. Y. (2022). Faktor penentu keberhasilan kinerja pegawai: Studi kasus di Triton Denpasar. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen dan Bisnis, 7(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.38043/jimb.v7i1.3577
Susanto, P. C., Soehaditama, J. P., Febrian, W. D., Setiadi, B., & Pramukty, R. (2023). Analysis of work-life balance and resilience: For support employee performance in logistics company. International Journal of Integrative Sciences, 2(5), 523–542. https://doi.org/10.55927/ijis.v2i5.4186
Utomo, K. W., Saputra, R., Yusriani, S., Sari, N. P., & Rahaw, H. C. (2025). Can perceived work-life balance and workload enhance employee performance? Empirical evidence from PT Cahya Delivery Indonesia. Proceeding of International Conference on Education, Society and Humanity, 3(1), 967–975.
Waluyo, G. R. T., & Swasti, I. K. (2024). Pengaruh motivasi dan budaya organisasi terhadap kinerja karyawan melalui komitmen organisasi pada PT Pos Indonesia Kebonrojo Surabaya. JIIP – Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 7(10), 11705–11709. https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v7i10.5152
Wang, H., & Zong, G. (2023). Relationship between employees' perceived illegitimate tasks and their work procrastination behavior: Role of negative emotions and paternalistic dimensions. Heliyon, 9(4), e14984.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14984
Yuda, I. M. (2022). Pengaruh prokrastinasi kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai di organisasi. Jurnal Manajemen, 18(2), 45–53.
https://journal.undiknas.ac.id/index.php/manajemen/article/view/3577
Alamsyah, F., Harun, P., Pracoyo, A., & Bagasworo, W. (2025). The influence of work-life balance, work environment, and compensation on employee performance through job satisfaction. Jurnal Keuangan dan Perbankan, 21(2), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.35384/jkp.v21i2.671
Alifia, N. S., & Iryanti, E. (2023). The effect of work life balance and employee engagement on employee performance of PT Duta Jaya Teknik Surabaya. International Journal of Social Science and Education Research Studies, 3(9), 1808–1813. https://doi.org/10.55677/ijssers/V03I9Y2023-04
Amalia, R., & Sawitri, D. K. (2025). Analisis kinerja pekerja konstruksi: Peran work-life balance dan counterproductive work behavior pada salah satu perusahaan konstruksi di Kabupaten Gresik. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi (JURKAMI), 10(3), 861–872. https://doi.org/10.31932/jpe.v10i3.5325
Ardiansyah, C. A., & Surjanti, J. (2020). Pengaruh work life balance terhadap kinerja karyawan melalui komitmen organisasi pada karyawan PT. Bhinneka Life Indonesia Cabang Surabaya. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 8(4), 1211.
Ariani, D. W. (2025). Examining the impact of job crafting, work-life balance, and procrastination on performance enhancement. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 23(1), 482–495. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.23(1).2025.37
Asti, V. D., & Nasution, N. (2025). The effect of work-life balance and self-efficacy on employee performance through organizational commitment. Management Analysis Journal, 14(2), 216–229.
Badrianto, Y., & Ekhsan, M. (2021). Pengaruh work-life balance terhadap kinerja karyawan yang dimediasi komitmen organisasi. Jesya (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Ekonomi Syariah), 4(2), 951–962. https://doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v4i2.460
Bowen, G. A. (2021). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 21(2), 123–137.
Dewi, P. I. B. P., Puspitawati, N. M. D., & Purnawati, N. L. G. P. (2024). Pengaruh work family conflict, kompensasi dan self efficacy terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Dinas Pertanian Kabupaten Badung. Values, 5(1), 201–210.
Eshun, E. F., & Segbenya, M. (2024). Work–life balance and employee performance in public sector organisations. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 32(1), 1–20.
Fajari, M. S., & Irbayuni, S. (2024). The influence of compensation and work-life balance on employee performance at Suweger Indonesia in Surabaya City. Green Inflation: International Journal of Management and Strategic Business, 2(1), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.61132/greeninflation.v2i1.172
Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment. Plenum Press.
Ghozali, I., & Latan, H. (2020). Partial least squares: Konsep, teknik dan aplikasi menggunakan program SmartPLS 3.0 (Ed. ke-2). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Gulo, L., & Mayratih, S. (2025). Penetapan target kinerja dan prokrastinasi terhadap kinerja karyawan PT. Permodalan Nasional Madani Area Tangerang 1. Journal of Management and Business (JOMB), 7(3), 168–179. https://doi.org/10.31539/jomb.v7i3.15234
Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Huang, Q., Zhang, K., Huang, Y., Bodla, A. A., & Zou, X. (2023). The interactive effect of stressor appraisals and personal traits on employees' procrastination behavior: The conservation of resources perspective. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 781–800. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S399406
Husna, L. U., & Prasetya, B. P. (2025). Pengaruh motivasi dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan PT. Mitra Sakti Boshe VVIP Club Yogyakarta. Jurnal Bintang Manajemen, 2(2), 19–28.
Inegbedion, H. E. (2024). Work-life balance and employee commitment: Mediating effect of job satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1349555. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1349555
Kurnia, C., & Widigdo, A. M. N. (2021). Effect of work-life balance, job demand, job insecurity on employee performance at PT Jaya Lautan Global with employee well-being as a mediation variable. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(5), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.5.948
Liana, E., Supardi, & Susanto, P. C. (2025). Determinasi work-life balance dan kinerja karyawan pada perusahaan kargo internasional di Jakarta. Jurnal Ilmiah M-Progress, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.35968/m-pu.v15i1.1388
Mahardika, A. A., Ingarianti, T. M., & Zulfiana, U. (2022). Work-life balance pada karyawan generasi Z. Collabryzk Journal for Scientific Studies, 1, 1–16.
Mathis, R. L., & Jackson, J. H. (2006). Human resource management: Manajemen sumber daya manusia (D. Angelia, Trans.). Salemba Empat.
McDonald, P., & Bradley, L. (2005). The case for work/life balance: Closing the gap between policy and practice. Hudson Highland Group.
Metin, U. B., Peeters, M. C. W., & Taris, T. W. (2018). Correlates of procrastination and performance at work: The role of having 'good fit'. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(3), 228–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2018.1470187
Mubaraq, A., & Muthalib, D. A. (2025). Pengaruh work family conflict, work life balance dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan wanita Bank Sultra Kantor Pusat. Journal of Economic and Business, 8(1), 97–109.
Musteatǎ, A., & Holman, A. (2025). Factors of workplace procrastination: A systematic review. Social Sciences, 14(6), 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14060380
Nurutomo, H. J., Pradhika, A. M., Pujiastuti, E. E., & Sugiarto, M. (2025). Work-family conflict and work-life balance as predictors of employee performance in the manufacturing industry. Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies, 8(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefims/v8-i1-05
Patricia, K. A., & Sawitri, D. K. (2024). Pengaruh work-life balance dan work stress terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan mediasi emotional exhaustion. Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting (COSTING), 7(5), 1341–1347. https://doi.org/10.31539/costing.v7i5.11871
Prasad, K., Vaidya, R., & Kumar, A. (2025). Work-life balance and employee performance: Mediating role of work stress and psychological well-being. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness, 12(2), 110–130.
Preena, G. R., & Preena, G. R. (2023). Impact of work-life balance on employee performance: An empirical study on a shipping company in Sri Lanka. Journal of Human Resource Management Studies, 5(2), 112–120.
Puryana, P., & Ramdani, T. (2022). Pengaruh work life balance dan work capability terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Bakti Adikarya Sejahtera. Proceeding FRIMA (Festival Riset Ilmiah Manajemen dan Akuntansi), 3(1), 720–747. https://doi.org/10.55916/frima.v0i3.334
Rahmawati, G. O. (2021). Peran work life balance dan motivasi ekstrinstik terhadap kinerja karyawan perempuan. Seminar Nasional Pertumbuhan Ekonomi 2021, 2(1), 1–9.
Rizaldi, M., & Santoso, B. (2024). Pengaruh work life balance, stres kerja dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja perawat Rumah Sakit Mata Undaan. ManBiz: Journal of Management and Business, 2(3), 158–163.
https://doi.org/10.47467/manbiz.v2i3.3818
Sari, I. M., & Indrawan, M. I. (2023). The influence of work-life balance and role conflict on employee performance with organizational commitment as an intervening variable at BPJS Employment Northern Sumatra Region. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 1(4), 261–272.
https://doi.org/10.47353/ijema.v1i4.56
Sari, N. M. D., Parwita, G. B. S., & Puspitawati, N. M. D. (2025). Pengaruh self efficacy, work family conflict, dan work life balance terhadap kinerja karyawan pada CV. Sada Bali Sejahtera. Emas, 6(8), 1983–1996.
https://doi.org/10.36733/emas.v6i8.12458
Setyaningrum, D., & Saifudin. (2024). The role of Islamic work culture in moderating the influence of overtime work, empowerment, and procrastination on employee performance. Al-Muraqabah: Journal of Management and Sharia Business, 4(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.30762/almuraqabah.v4i1.1339
Setyawan, A., & Triyanti, A. (2020). The effect of organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior on employee performance with employee engagement as an intervening variable in BPR. Journal of Business Studies and Management Review, 4(1), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.22437/jbsmr.v4i1.11675
Sofwan, M. S., & Kustini, K. (2025). Pengaruh work-life balance dan emotional exhaustion terhadap kinerja perawat wanita di Rumah Sakit Baptis Kediri. JEMSI: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, dan Sistem Informasi, 7(1), 334–346. https://doi.org/10.38035/jemsi.v7i1
Steel, P., Svartdal, F., Thundiyil, T., & Brothen, T. (2022). Examining procrastination across multiple goal stages: A longitudinal study of temporal motivation theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.919097
Sugiyono. (2022). Metode penelitian kuantitatif. Alfabeta
Suryawan, I. M. Y. (2022). Faktor penentu keberhasilan kinerja pegawai: Studi kasus di Triton Denpasar. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen dan Bisnis, 7(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.38043/jimb.v7i1.3577
Susanto, P. C., Soehaditama, J. P., Febrian, W. D., Setiadi, B., & Pramukty, R. (2023). Analysis of work-life balance and resilience: For support employee performance in logistics company. International Journal of Integrative Sciences, 2(5), 523–542. https://doi.org/10.55927/ijis.v2i5.4186
Utomo, K. W., Saputra, R., Yusriani, S., Sari, N. P., & Rahaw, H. C. (2025). Can perceived work-life balance and workload enhance employee performance? Empirical evidence from PT Cahya Delivery Indonesia. Proceeding of International Conference on Education, Society and Humanity, 3(1), 967–975.
Waluyo, G. R. T., & Swasti, I. K. (2024). Pengaruh motivasi dan budaya organisasi terhadap kinerja karyawan melalui komitmen organisasi pada PT Pos Indonesia Kebonrojo Surabaya. JIIP – Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 7(10), 11705–11709. https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v7i10.5152
Wang, H., & Zong, G. (2023). Relationship between employees' perceived illegitimate tasks and their work procrastination behavior: Role of negative emotions and paternalistic dimensions. Heliyon, 9(4), e14984.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14984
Yuda, I. M. (2022). Pengaruh prokrastinasi kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai di organisasi. Jurnal Manajemen, 18(2), 45–53.
https://journal.undiknas.ac.id/index.php/manajemen/article/view/3577
Published
2026-07-21
How to Cite
Hani, A., & Sawitri, D. (2026). Work procrastination and work-life balance as predictors of employee performance: evidence from a state-owned logistics company in Surabaya. Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), 19(2), 1817-1831. https://doi.org/10.35508/jom.v19i2.29412
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