Buletin Ilmiah IMPAS is committed to maintaining the accuracy, integrity, and reliability of the scholarly record. When errors, inaccuracies, or serious concerns are identified in a published article, the journal will take appropriate action to correct the publication record.

The journal distinguishes between errors that can be addressed through a correction and problems sufficiently serious to require retraction. Editorial action will be determined according to the nature, extent, and impact of the identified problem.

Corrections

A correction may be issued when an error is identified in a published article but the error does not invalidate the overall findings or conclusions of the work.

Corrections may be considered for significant errors involving data, analysis, author information, affiliations, figures, tables, references, or other elements that could affect readers' understanding or interpretation of the article.

Minor typographical or formatting errors that do not affect the meaning, interpretation, or scholarly integrity of an article will not normally require a formal correction.

When a formal correction is necessary, Buletin Ilmiah IMPAS will publish a correction notice that clearly identifies the original article and explains the nature of the correction. The relationship between the original article and the correction notice will be maintained transparently.

Retraction

An article may be considered for retraction when there is clear evidence that its findings or content are unreliable or when a serious violation of research or publication ethics has occurred.

Grounds for retraction may include, but are not limited to:

• fabrication or falsification of data;
• plagiarism or substantial unattributed use of another person's work;
• serious errors that invalidate the findings or conclusions;
• duplicate or redundant publication without appropriate justification or disclosure;
• unethical research practices;
• unauthorized use of data or material;
• serious authorship misconduct;
• manipulation of the peer-review or publication process; or
• other serious breaches of research or publication integrity.

Retraction is intended to correct the scholarly record, rather than to punish authors.

Retraction Process

When a potential reason for retraction is identified, the Editorial Team will assess the available evidence and, where appropriate, contact the author(s) for clarification or response.

The journal may consult reviewers, members of the Editorial Board, independent experts, authors' institutions, or other relevant parties when additional investigation is required.

A retraction decision will not normally be based solely on an unsupported allegation. The journal will seek sufficient evidence before taking formal action.

Retraction Notice

When an article is retracted, Buletin Ilmiah IMPAS will publish a retraction notice that:

• clearly identifies the retracted article;
• states the reason for the retraction;
• indicates, where appropriate, who initiated the retraction; and
• is publicly accessible as part of the journal's publication record.

The original article will not normally be deleted from the journal website. Instead, it will remain accessible with a clear indication that the article has been retracted, thereby preserving the transparency and integrity of the scholarly record.

Removal of the full text will only be considered in exceptional circumstances, such as when continued availability creates serious legal, privacy, confidentiality, or other substantial risks.

Expression of Concern

When serious concerns have been raised about a published article but the available evidence is inconclusive or an investigation has not yet been completed, the journal may publish an Expression of Concern.

An Expression of Concern informs readers that questions have been raised regarding the reliability or integrity of the article while avoiding a premature conclusion before sufficient information is available.

Following the completion of the investigation, the Expression of Concern may be followed by a correction, retraction, or other appropriate editorial action.

Author-Initiated Corrections and Retractions

Authors who discover a significant error or problem in their published work should promptly inform the Editorial Team of Buletin Ilmiah IMPAS and provide sufficient information for the journal to evaluate the matter.

A request by an author to retract an article will be evaluated by the Editorial Team. Author agreement or disagreement with a retraction does not, by itself, determine whether an article should be retracted when the integrity of the scholarly record is at stake.

Post-Publication Updates

Corrections, retractions, Expressions of Concern, and other formal post-publication notices will be clearly linked to the relevant published article whenever technically possible.

Buletin Ilmiah IMPAS is committed to ensuring that any necessary post-publication action is conducted transparently, fairly, and with the primary purpose of preserving the accuracy and integrity of the scholarly record.